Pancreatic cancer complicated by splenic infarction and abscess.

Pancreatic tail adenocarcinoma is both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Despite technical and therapeutic advances, the prognosis remains dismal; the average survival time after diagnosis is characteristically only five to eight months. Both splenic infarction and abscess are very rare complications of pancreatic cancer. In this case of splenic infarction, the possible source of emboli should be carefully investigated. In addition, splenic abscess must be suspected in patients with splenic infarction, especially if the infectious signs persist despite appropriate treatment. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential as its course can prove fatal. The patient presented herein had a splenic infarct and abscess as complications of pancreatic tail carcinoma. The treatment of choice was splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy with resection of involved organs. The variability in clinical presentation and imaging studies warrants consideration of this entity in the differential diagnosis of many splenic and pancreatic lesions.

The effects of polypropylene mesh on femoral artery and femoral vein in mesh repair.

PURPOSE: Since the first description, the use of polypropylene mesh in hernia repair has gained wide acceptance. The aim of this study was to assess whether polypropylene mesh implantation has any effects on femoral blood vessels. METHODS: A 0.5 × 1.0 cm polypropylene mesh was inserted into the rat femoral artery and vein on the right side. After 14, 28 and 90 days, the rats were reoperated. The meshes were excised for histological processing. Blood flow in the dorsum of the foot skin, femoral artery and vein were measured in all groups before mesh implantation and at 14, 28, and 90 days after mesh implantation. RESULTS: Following placement of mesh graft on vascular structures, inflammation and fibrosis developed to a varying degree depending on the time elapsed. On the other hand, fibrosis did not change the histological structure of vessels. There was a decrease in both arterial and venous circulation due to the pressure of the graft. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that fibrosis due to mesh graft can negatively affect blood flow in vessels due to mechanical pressure.

Epidermal growth factor-containing wound closure enhances wound healing in non-diabetic and diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to elucidate the in vivo efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on wound healing in non diabetic and diabetic rats. METHODS: Ninety-six male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into six groups. Saline-moistened gauze, pure gelatin or EGF in gelatin-microsphere dressings were used in a dermal excision model in both normal and streptomycin-induced diabetic rats. Wound healing was evaluated on day 7 and 14. Reduction in wound area, hydroxypyroline content and tensile strength of the wound were evaluated in each rat. Tissue samples taken from the wounds were examined histopathologically for reepithelialisation, cellular infiltration, number of fibroblasts, granulation and neovascularisation. RESULTS: On day 7, the use of EGF-containing dressing was observed to reduce the wound area better when compared with the other dressings tested. This effect was significant in normal rats rather than diabetic rats. The difference in reduction of wound area did not persist on day 14. No significant effect on hydroxyproline content of the wound was found with EGF-containing dressing in either normal or diabetic rats. There was a statistically significant increase in tensile strength values of EGF-applied non diabetic rats over the 14 day period. An increase in tensile strength was prominent in also EGF-applied diabetic rats on day 14. Histological examination revealed higher histopathologic scores in EGF-applied diabetic and non diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate that use of EGF in gelatin-microsphere dressings improves wound healing both in normal and diabetic rats.

Incisional hernia treatment with polypropylene graft: results of 10 years.

PURPOSE: To report herein our results of tension-free repair of large incisional hernia with polypropylene mesh using a modification of the method that was described by Usher. METHOD: Two hundred ninety-one patients who were operated on between January 1994 and December 2004 were studied. Two hundred thirty-two patients were female (79.7%), and 59 were male (20.3%). The average follow-up period was 55 months. The patients were evaluated for infection, recurrences, hematoma and seroma formation, sinuses and enterocutaneous fistula formation. RESULTS: Infection was observed in eight patients (2.7%). Graft removal due to infection was encountered only in two patients (0.6%). Recurrence was observed in six patients (2.1%). Two patients (0.6%) developed hematoma while another two developed seroma. No patient developed enterocutaneous fistula. CONCLUSION: By using our modified technique we can decrease the expected complications after tension-free repair of large incisional hernias.

The effect of polypropylene mesh on ilioinguinal nerve in open mesh repair of groin hernia.

OBJECTIVES: Repair of groin hernia is one of the most common operations performed by general surgeons, and mesh repair methods have gained wide acceptance. Chronic pain is the most serious long-term complication that can occur after repair of groin hernia. The development of chronic pain after herniorraphy has been attributed to several mechanisms, including damage to sensory nerves and mesh inguinodynia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four rabbits underwent bilateral inguinal dissection and synthetic polypropylene mesh laid on one side. Bilateral inguinal dissection was performed again after 3 months, and samples of nerve tissue were taken from both sides for histological examination. RESULTS: Light microscopic examination of the sections of control group peripheral nerves were in normal appearance, but the nerve fascicles in experimental group operated with mesh showed axonal dilation and mild-to-severe loss of myelinated axons. Examination of semi-thin and ultra-thin sections in control group peripheral nerve fascicles showed normal morphology. Ultrastructural nerve morphology in experimental group operated with mesh exhibited endoneurinal edema with thickening of both endoneurium and perineurium, causing separation of nerve fibers. Myelin sheaths of fibers showed an ondulation toward the axoplasm and the endoneurium. Separation of myelin layers from each other as a prominent feature of myelin degeneration in nerve fibers was also observed. Axoplasms exhibited edema and crystallization. CONCLUSIONS: The light microscopic and ultrastructural changes seen in peripheral nerves in experimental group operated with mesh suggested that mechanical compression of peripheral nerves is associated with myelin degeneration, endoneurinal and perineurial edema, fibrosis, axonal loss, and edema that may cause peripheral neuropathy. Chronic groin pain after hernia repair can be possibly caused by the entrapment of peripheral nerves in the scar tissue formed by the mesh.

Effect of recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the healing of colonic anastomosis in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) on the wound healing of colonic anastomosis in rats. In total, 40 male Wistar rats were taken into this study. The control group (n = 20) received subcutaneous saline injection. The experiment group (n = 20) received rHuGM-CSF at 100 microg/kg subcutaneously. Both groups underwent colonic anastomosis 2 days later. In each group, burst pressure and hydroxyproline levels were determined 3 and 7 days after anastomosis. White blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were determined in each group to evaluate the effect of rHuGM-CSF on hematologic parameters in rats. There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to burst pressure and hydroxyproline levels (p > .05). As expected, WBC counts significantly increased in the experiment group on days 3 (p = .035) and 7 (p = .046) following surgery. In conclusion, rHuGM-CSF administration and increased WBC counts did not have any positive effect on the wound healing of colonic anastomosis.

Affinity of Staphylococcus epidermidis to various prosthetic graft materials.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal wall hernias have always been a major problem for general surgeons. The techniques of repairing primary, recurrent, and incisional hernias have evolved throughout the years at an accelerating trend, especially after production of prosthetic graft materials. Although looked upon with suspicion due to infection, fistula formation, and foreign body reaction, prosthetic graft materials are used deliberately in primary and recurrent hernias. The present study was designed to evaluate bacterial adherence to frequently used prosthetic graft materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in five different groups with each group consisting of 10 identical samples of the same kind of prosthetic graft material. The prosthetic graft materials used in the study were polypropylene, polyglactin 910, polyester fibers, steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). These prosthetic graft materials were incubated in vitro with a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain which was ++++ adhesion positive. The degree of adhesion of S. epidermidis to prosthetic graft materials was assessed by the ELISA method. RESULTS: Vicryl grafts showed significantly minimal bacterial adhesion whereas PTFE grafts tended to have more adhesion but this did not reach a statistical significance. Other graft materials did not show any difference for bacterial adhesion (Table 3). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in vitro S. epidermidis adhesion to Vicryl grafts is less than other types of prosthetic graft materials (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to confirm these results and to understand the complex interactions among bacteria, graft material, microenvironment, and surgical technique.

Effect of single-dose prophylactic ampicillin and sulbactam on wound infection after tension-free inguinal hernia repair with polypropylene mesh: the randomized, double-blind, prospective trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of single-dose, intravenous, prophylactic ampicillin and sulbactam (AS) in the prevention of wound infections during open prosthetic inguinal hernia repair by a double-blind, prospective, randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The use of antibiotic prophylaxis during open prosthetic inguinal hernia surgery is controversial, and no prospective trial has been conducted to examine this issue. METHODS: Patients undergoing unilateral, primary inguinal hernia repair electively with the Lichtenstein technique using polypropylene mesh were randomized to receive 1.5 g intravenous AS before the incision or an equal volume of placebo according to a predetermined code of which the surgeons were unaware. Patients with recurrent, femoral, bilateral, giant, or incarcerated hernias or any systemic diseases were excluded. Age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, type of hernia, type of anesthesia, duration of surgery, and use of drains were recorded. Infection was defined according to the criteria of Centers for Disease Control. Patients were evaluated 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery by an independent surgeon. All complications were recorded. Results were assessed using chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Student t tests as appropriate. RESULTS: Between September 1996 and July 1998, 280 patients (140 AS, 140 placebo group) entered the protocol. Four patients from the AS group and seven from the placebo group were excluded because of inadvertent antibiotic administration or follow-up problems. Groups were well matched for all the variables studied and postoperative complications, excluding wound infections, which occurred at a rate of 0.7% in the AS group and 9% in the placebo group (P =.00153). Twelve patients in the placebo group developed wound infections, requiring five repeat hospital admissions in three patients. These three patients suffered deep infections reaching the graft, which resulted in graft loss in two. The single infected patient in the AS group had his graft removed as well because of deep persistent infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study documented a significant (10-fold) decrease in overall wound infections when single-dose, intravenous AS was used during Lichtenstein hernia repair. Deep infections and wound infection-related readmissions were also reduced by the use of AS. Proponents of mesh repairs may therefore be advised to use prophylactic single-dose intravenous antibiotic coverage in the light of the results of this trial. AS proved to be an effective antimicrobial agent.

The adverse effects of octreotide on the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats.

Octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, is widely used in gastrointestinal hypersecretory states and also for endocrine tumors in an attempt to inhibit the paracrine hormones. Although it is well known that octreotide inhibits trophic and anabolic hormones, no research has been conducted on its adverse effects on wound healing. In the present study, groups of rats were given 20 mcg/kg/day octreotide and 100 mg/kg/day hydrocortisone, the latter being the negative control group, starting 5 days preoperatively. The colonic anastomoses were assessed for healing on postoperative days (PODs) 5 and 8 by determining the bursting pressure of the anastomoses, performing histopathological analysis, and measuring the hydroxyproline content of the anastomotic tissues. Octreotide was found to affect anastomotic healing negatively on both PODs 5 and 8, but the negative effect of hydrocortisone was significant only on POD 8. No significant difference was found between the adverse effects of the two agents on POD 8. These findings indicated that octreotide has an adverse effect on the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats.

Repair of midline incisional hernias using polypropylene grafts.

We report herein our results of routinely performing tension-free repair for midline incisional hernias larger than 3 cm using a woven polypropylene graft between January 1990 and December 1995. Included in this study were 45 patients, 34 (73.1%) of whom had previously undergone a primary repair which had failed. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 56 months with a mean of 36 months. Only one patient (2.2%) suffered a recurrence of the hernia. Although three (6.6%) developed a wound infection, one (2.2%) developed a wound sinus, and two (4.4%) developed wound seroma, none of these complications required removal of the graft. The findings of this study led us to conclude that Prolene grafts could be used as routine prosthetic material in the repair of incisional hernias. Moreover, during the follow-up period we observed that the modifications we made in the operative technique had a significantly positive effect on the outcome of the patients.

Lymphangiomas of the ileum: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.

Lymphangiomas of the gastrointestinal tract are seen very rarely, especially in adults. We herein present two cases of ileal lymphangioma which were found during surgery. One case was a 43-year-old man with a palpable mass, and the other was a 19-year-old man who presented with symptoms of pyloric stenosis. Although radiologic studies helped us, we could only be certain about the diagnosis after both the operation and histopathologic studies. We performed a total excision with ileal resection in both cases.

The effect of octreotid on bacterial translocation from the gut. An experimental study.

Octreotid (OC) is a somatostatin (ST) analog which is being increasingly used during the management of various gastrointestinal disorders. This study was undertaken to assess the probable effects of OC on intraintestinal microflora and bacterial translocation. To our knowledge, no previous work has addressed this issue. Ten rats forming the study group were injected 20 micrograms/kg of OC subcutaneously for seven days. A control group (n = 10) received an equal volume of isotonic saline for seven days. All animals were sacrificed on the eighth day and tissue cultures were obtained from the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Cultures were also made from the caecal content and a piece of terminal ileum was removed for histopathological examination. For statistical analysis, Mann Whitney-U, and Fisher's exact tests were used. Caecal bacterial content, and bacterial translocation were found to be significantly increased in the study group in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). Among the study group, there was also a statistically significant increase in the caecal bacterial content in rats with evidence of bacterial translocation (p < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation drew a great deal of attention to submucosal edema present in the study group. OC significantly increases bacterial overgrowth, and translocation in rats. Studies on humans are needed to demonstrate similar clinical effects of OC.

Thromboxane synthase inhibitor, UK 38485, prevents renal injury in the rabbit isolated perfused kidney exposed to cold ischemia.

Recent studies have indicated that, the administration of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) inhibitors improved renal functions in experimental renal allograft transplantation. Thus TxA2, a vasoconstrictor metabolite of arachidonic acid, may play a role in renal function and blood flow during hypothermic storage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of TxA2 synthase inhibitor, UK 38485, on altered renal function due to cold ischemia for 24 and 72 h. Experiments were performed in isolated perfused kidney from adult rabbits. Kidneys were perfused with Euro-Collins (EC) containing UK 38485 and incubated with the same solution in a beaker exposed to cold ischemia for 24 and 72 h. The same procedure was applied to the control kidneys in EC solution alone. Vascular responses and urinary output to noradrenaline, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, acetylcholine, and sympathetic stimulation were assessed as the functional activity of kidney. The addition of UK 38485 to EC solution increased the preservation time of kidney and protects the vascular endothelial regulatory functions and urine excretion when compared to EC alone. The results of the present study can be taken as an evidence of the cytoprotective effect of the UK 38485 and might be useful for kidney preservation.

The endothelium-derived relaxing factor-mediated acetylcholine response of the arterial perfusion pressure after cold storage of the isolated rabbit kidney.

The vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in a rabbit isolated perfused kidney was abolished when the tissue was exposed to cold ischemia for 72 h in Euro-Collins (EC) solution. This vasodilatation is due to the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from renal vasculature as evidenced by the attenuation following methylene blue pretreatment. When kidneys were preserved in EC solution containing UK 38485, a thromboxane synthase inhibitor, or nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, ACh-induced vasodilatation persisted after 72 h of cold ischemia. These results were taken as evidence of tissue protective activity of UK 38485 and nicardipine and have promising implications for cadaveric kidney transplantation.

The effect of nicardipine on renal functions following 72-hour cold ischemia.

The aim of the study was to investigate the cytoprotective effect of a calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, on altered renal function due to cold ischemia for 72 h. The experiments were performed on isolated perfused kidneys from adult rabbits. Kidneys were perfused with either standard Euro-Collins (EC) solution (n = 7) or EC containing nicardipine (n = 6) and then incubated with the same preservation solutions in a beaker exposed to cold ischemia for 72 h at +4 degrees C. In the control group the same procedure was applied to untreated kidneys (n = 6) which were exposed to cold ischemia for 30 min. Vascular responses and urinary output to noradrenaline, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, acetylcholine and sympathetic stimulation were assessed as the functional activities of the kidney. The responses of the preserved kidneys were compared following cold ischemic conditions. The results indicate that the addition of nicardipine to EC solution protects the vascular endothelial regulatory function and urine excretion; therefore, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers might be useful for kidney preservation.