ABSTRACT
d-Aspartate oxidase (DDO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing flavoprotein that stereospecifically acts on acidic d-amino acids (i.e., free d-aspartate and d-glutamate). Mammalian DDO, which exhibits higher activity toward d-aspartate than d-glutamate, is presumed to regulate levels of d-aspartate in the body and is not thought to degrade d-glutamate in vivo. By contrast, three DDO isoforms are present in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, DDO-1, DDO-2, and DDO-3, all of which exhibit substantial activity toward d-glutamate as well as d-aspartate. In this study, we optimized the Escherichia coli culture conditions for production of recombinant C. elegans DDO-1, purified the protein, and showed that it is a flavoprotein with a noncovalently but tightly attached FAD. Furthermore, C. elegans DDO-1, but not mammalian (rat) DDO, efficiently and selectively degraded d-glutamate in addition to d-aspartate, even in the presence of various other amino acids. Thus, C. elegans DDO-1 might be a useful tool for determining these acidic d-amino acids in biological samples.
Subject(s)
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry , Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry , D-Aspartate Oxidase/chemistry , D-Aspartic Acid/chemistry , Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/chemistry , Glutamic Acid/chemistry , Animals , Caenorhabditis elegans/enzymology , Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics , Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , D-Aspartate Oxidase/genetics , D-Aspartate Oxidase/metabolism , D-Aspartic Acid/metabolism , Enzyme Assays , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism , Gene Expression , Genetic Vectors/chemistry , Genetic Vectors/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Isoenzymes/genetics , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Kinetics , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Species Specificity , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
d-Aspartate oxidase (DDO) is a degradative enzyme that is stereospecific for the acidic amino acid d-aspartate, an endogenous agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Dysregulation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission has been implicated in the onset of various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, as well as chronic pain. Thus, appropriate regulation of d-aspartate is believed to be important for maintaining proper neural activity in the nervous system. Accordingly, much attention has been paid to the role(s) of DDO in the metabolism of d-aspartate in vivo, and the physiological functions of DDO have been actively investigated using experimental rats and mice. However, detailed characterisation of rat DDO has not yet been performed, and little is known about species-specific differences in the properties of mammalian DDOs. In this study, the structural and enzymatic properties of purified recombinant rat, mouse and human DDOs were examined and compared. The results showed that rat DDO is more similar to human DDO than to mouse DDO. This work provides useful insight into the use of rats as an experimental model for investigating the biological significance of human DDO and/or d-aspartate. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: d-Amino acids: biology in the mirror, edited by Dr. Loredano Pollegioni, Dr. Jean-Pierre Mothet and Dr. Molla Gianluca.
