Accuracy of the interferometric method for Leeb hardness testers calibration.

In this article, we propose a method for improving accuracy in calibrating Leeb hardness testers using fiber interferometric systems. The calibration system is implemented using the photonic Doppler velocimetry technique. This paper provides estimates of the measurement uncertainty arising in the calibration system and describes a method for improving accuracy, which takes into account the signal-to-noise ratio, sampling rate, and processing parameters.

3D push-pull heterodyne interferometer for SPM metrology.

A three-coordinate heterodyne laser interferometer has been developed to measure the displacement of the probe microscope scanner with a subnanometer resolution that provides traceability of measurements to the standard of meter through the wavelength of a stabilized He-Ne laser. Main sources of errors are investigated, and their influence is minimized so that the resulting measurement uncertainty of the system does not exceed 0.2 nm, and the resolution is 0.01 nm. The investigation of metrological characteristics of the three-coordinate interferometer was carried out with a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) NanoScan-3D using TGZ-type calibration gratings. The values measured with SPM fell within the 95% confidence interval given by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) (Germany). SPM equipped with a laser interferometer was used to measure the characteristics of dynamic etalons of geometric dimensions.

[Stress-induced indicators of hydrolytic function of the stomach and the pancreas in persons with various type of autonomic nervous system].

The purpose of research is to study the influence of emotional stress on the activity of digestive enzymes in blood serum of individuals with different initial tone of the autonomic nervous system. Students' session acted as a model of emotional stress. Based on ritm-cardiografic testing according to the indicators of heart rate variability (HRV) 120 healthy young people (18-22 years old) were divided into 3 groups. Hardware-software complex "Varikard 2.51" has been applied to record the electrocardiography and heart rate variability analysis. Regulatory system tension has been selected as an indicator of autonomic balance index, that did not exceed 30 conventional units in student with vagotonia, ranged from 31 to 120 conventional units in normotonics and values from 121 conventional units characterized sympathicotonia. The interpretation of these parameters was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the European Cardiology and North-American Society for electrophysiology, as well as the guidelines of Russian authors. The level of serum hydrolytic enzymes: 1 pepsinogen (PG 1), 2 pepsinogen (PG 2), amylase, lipase has been determined, the ratio PG 1/PG 2 was calculated. Investigations were carried out on an empty stomach in the day of workshops and during the examination session (emotional stress). The obtained data were statistically processed by variance analysis using the Student's t test. Individual variations were identified in hydrolytic activity of serum enzymes, depending on the original background level of the autonomic nervous system. It has been found that stress factors lead to opposite changes of digestive enzymes activity of blood serum, which were more pronounced in students with high baseline tone of sympatic nervous system. It has been determined that the amylolytic activity was increased in stress in all groups. A reduction in pepsinogen 2 level and lipolytic activity of blood serum has been showed in the group with simpathotony; while endocrine function of the gastric glands in the parasympatic and normotonic groups in terms of pepsinogen 2 increased.

[On bacterial origin of mitochondria in eukaryotes in the light of current ideas of evolution of the organic world]. / O bakterial'nom proiskhozhdenii mitokhondrii éukariot v svete sovremennykh predstavlenii ob évoliutsii organicheskogo mira.

The hypothesis of bacterial origin of mitochondria, which existed until the end of the 20th century, has been confirmed on the basis of the current concepts of organic world evolution in the open sea hydrosphere and original data on the entry of bacteria (prokaryotes0 in the cells of eukaryotes and their transformation into the mitochondrial mechanism of aerobic energy metabolism. This hypothesis can now be considered as a factually substantiated theory. The process of endocytosis of bacteria in the tissues of eukaryotes, which began at the onset of transition of the anaerobic state of open sea hydrosphere and land atmosphere (Early Proterozoic), is considered as the beginning of symbiotic mode of life of organisms of the Proterozoic and Postproterozoic organic world.

[Photosynthesis and oxygenation of the earth's atmosphere]. / Fotosintez i oksigenizatsiia zemnoi atmosfery.

Based on the contemporary data concerning photosynthesis as a global biogeochemical mechanism of solar energy utilization and organic matter and oxygen production, the formation of photosynthesis in the Proterozoic is considered, as well as its role in transformation of the pre-Proterozoic oceanic hydrosphere and the Earth's atmosphere from a reduced to an oxidized state. Photosynthesis is considered the longest stage of organic world evolution. The problem of production of "excessive" oxygen is considered, which entered and is entering the atmosphere through the oceanic hydrosphere and determines the process of its organization.

[Energy bases and scale of the production-destruction balance in the Black sea: photosynthesis and flows of C(org), O2 and CO2]. / Energeticheskie osnovy i masshtaby produktsionno-destruktivnogo balansa v Chernom more: fotosintez, potoki C(org), O2, CO2.

The scale of production-destruction biotic balance in the Black Sea ecosystem, flows of organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, and rate and volume of organic matter input in the Black Sea sediment as a source of formation and accumulation of fossilized hydrocarbon fuel minerals are estimated on the basis of the current concept of efficiency of solar radiation utilization by photosynthesis. The volume of "excessive" oxygen formed in the ecosystem and its contribution to global oxygenation of the atmosphere are shown.

[Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation]. / Epidemiologicheskie aspekty leptospirozov v vostochnykh regionakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

There have recently substantial changes in the basic parameters of Leptospira infection in the eastern regions. The infection is characterized by a pronounced and steady-state rise in morbidity rates, by its trend for urbanization, by the spread of the disease in recreational areas, by a primary role of dogs as sources of infection, by polymorphism and atypical nature of the clinical picture of Canicola leptospirosis, which make its diagnosis difficult. The anthropurgic foci where dogs and pigs are the main sources of pathogenic leptospiras are of the leading epidemiological significance. The optimum package of measures reducing a risk of human infection is recommended.

Scaling properties of bicritical dynamics in unidirectionally coupled period-doubling systems in the presence of noise.

We study scaling regularities associated with the effects of additive noise on the bicritical behavior of a system of two unidirectionally coupled quadratic maps. A renormalization group analysis of the effects of noise is developed. We outline the qualitative and quantitative differences between the response of the system to random perturbations added to the master subsystem or the slave subsystem. The universal constants determining the rescaling rules for the intensity of the noise sources in the master and slave subsystems are found to be gamma=6.619036... and nu=2.713708..., respectively. A number of computer graphical illustrations for the scaling regularities is presented. We discuss the smearing of the fine structure of the bicritical attractor and the Fourier spectra in the presence of noise, the self-similar structure of the Lyapunov charts on the parameter plane near the bicritical point, and the shift of the threshold of hyperchaos in dependence of the noise intensity.

[Significance of the energy of symbiotic bacteria in metabolism of hydrothermal and other chemotrophic biota of the ocean]. / Energeticheskaia rol' bakterii-simbiontov v metabolizme gidrotermal'noi i drugikh khemotrofnykh biotakh okeana.

The bacterial origin of eukaryotic mitochondria, specifically in Metazoa, as a mechanism of their basic (aerobic) respiration and the role of symbiotic bacteria during the supply of energy to the metazoan host is proved for the first time from the viewpoint of the monophyletic development of the organic world and the origin of eukaryotes as descendants of prokaryotes Representatives of the hydrothermal bacteriochemosymbiotrophic bottom fauna of the open sea were used as examples.

[Photosynthesis and flows of organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the ocean]. / O fotosinteze i potokakh organicheskogo ugleroda, uglekislogo gaza i kisloroda v okeane.

The modern concept of photosynthesis as a mechanism for utilizing the energy of solar radiation is used as the basis for assessing the scale of photosynthetic production of initial organic matter in the ocean (primary biological production), its destruction, the carbon and carbon dioxide cycles (flows) involved in this process, and the size of oil- and gas-bearing hydrocarbonaceous formations originating in sedimentary deposits.

[The role of antarctica in formation of the cenozoic climate and contemporary open sea abyssal fauna]. / Rol' antarktidy v formirovanii kainozoiskogo klimata i sovremennoi glubokovodnoi fauny okeana

The key role of the Antarctic continent in the formation of the contemporary (Cenozoic) zonal-contrast climate and related geologically "young" (Postmesozoic) contemporary abyssal fauna of the World Ocean is discussed on the basis of the current concepts of pleitectonics, history of planetary climates, paleobiooceanology, and bioevolution. It has been shown that the flows of cold aerated near-Antarctic waters that started to descend in the open sea abyssal in the middle of Cenozoic were capable of substituting for previously (in Mesozoic) heated (up to 15-20 degrees C) abyssal waters within only 1500-2000 years. Following the descending near-Antarctic waters, the shallow and cold water oxyphilic fauna assimilated the abyssal zone that had been warm water and weakly populated.

[Duodenogastric reflux in humans]. / Duodenogastral'nyi refliuks u cheloveka.

Human duodenogastric reflux (DGR) was comprehensively studied via measurement of gastric juice bile acid levels, manometric, endoscopic and X-ray study in health and benign gastrointestinal diseases and during exercise. DRG is shown to fall in the physiological events that have a biologically determined circadian rhythm. There was an association of DGR with gastric secretion. The "refluctant dilution effect" was established which along with elimination provides a relative constancy of the concentrations of bile ACIDS FROM 0.025 TO 0.422 NG/ML. DGR regulation is effected by the coordinated motor and evacuatory performance of the gastroduodenal junction and duodenum which is described as a lock two-way system. It is concluded that DGR is involved in the formation of the internal gastric environment and hence plays a role in gastric digestion. The findings may be used in studies of the physiology of digestion and in clinical practice.

[Use of laser flow-type fluorescence aerosol particle counter to evaluate the concentration of microbes in the surface air under high dust content]. / Primenenie lazernogo protochno-fliuorestsentnogo schetchika chastits aérozolei dlia otsenki schetnoi i massovoi kontsentratsii mikrorganizmov v prizemnom sloe vozdukha v usloviiakh vysokoi zapylennosti.

The paper deals with the use of a laser flow-type fluorescence aerosol particle counter to evaluate the concentrations of microbes in the surface air under high dust content. Various circuits of flow-type optic aerosol recorders are analyzed. Flow spectral luminescence analysis of some particles flow while exciting the fourth harmonics of a pulse laser on yttrium-aluminium garnet with neodymium by ultraviolet radiation is shown to be the most optimum method for indication of individual aerosol particles. Experiments were conducted on the authors' model of a pilot plant based on this method. The model of a laser flow-type optic analyzer was developed for experimental studies that give a clear display of biological aerosols in complex aerosols. The laser flow-type analyzer-based unit developed may provide a fluorescence signal of aerosol particles in the flow of a sample and that light diffusion signal from them at an exciting light wavelength of 266 nm. Experiments with BVC aerosols and soil dust particles were conducted in different regions of Russia. They showed it possible to detect and to rapidly calculate soil microorganisms by laser flow-type fluorescence assay of individual particles when excited by ultraviolet radiation.

[Radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in the benthos near the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets"]. / Radionuklidy 90Sr i 137Cs v donnoi faune okrestnostei mestonakhozhdeniia atomnoi podvodnoi lodki "Komsomolets".

We have analyzed the content of radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in the benthofauna and deposits near the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets." Analysis was performed on the basis of the materials of the 31st (1993) and 36th (1995) voyages of R/V "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" in correspondence with the system of monitoring the state of the abiotic and biotic situation near the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets" (Norwegian Sea). Whereas during the 33rd voyage of this vessel (1994) the content of these elements in the benthic animals at stations located close to the submarine somewhat exceeded the background level of radioactivity (Kuznetsov et al., 1996), no such excess was found during the 31st and 36th voyages. Meanwhile, radioactive cobalt (60Co) was found in representatives of three groups of animals during the 31st voyage at two stations located near the submarine.

[Radionuclides in the Kara sea bottom sediments]. / Radionuklidy v donnykh osadkakh Karskogo moria.

The contents and distribution of natural (214Pb, 214Bi, 228Ac, and 208Tl) and technogenic (90Sr, 137Cs, and 60Co) radionuclides in the Kara Sea bottom sediments was analyzed by using the materials collected by R/V "Pomor" (Murmansk Marine Biological Institute). In 1994, no high (critical) concentrations of technogenic radioisotopes were found in the sea sediments, while the spots (regions) of elevated 137Cs content found in 1984 were not confirmed in 1994. It was proposed that the main sources of entry of technogenic radionuclides in the sea sediments in the last years are the flow of the Ob'-Yenisei waters and container burials of radioactive waste in the sea, which appeared to have been markedly corroded. The latter is confirmed by detection in some places of 60Co, which was not previously found in the sediments.

[Radionuclides in the benthofauna in the region of the location of the Komsomolets atomic submarine (the Norwegian Sea)]. / Radionuklidy v donnoi faune raiona nakhozhdeniia atomnoi podvodnoi lodki "Komsomolets" (Norvezhskoe more).

Analysis of the content of radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr in the benthofauna was carried out in the region of location of the nuclear submarine Komsomolets according to the materials of the 33rd voyage of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh (1994). No significant excess of the technogenic activity over the natural radioactivity was found in all ecological (trophic) groups of bottom animals. At the same time the content of 90Sr in the fauna of stations closer to the submarine was higher than at more remote stations.

[The mechanism of synchronizing yeast cell cultures with EHF-radiation]. / O mekhanizme sinkhronizatsii kul'tury drozhzhevykh kletok KVCh-izlucheniem.

We investigated the development of a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeast cell culture irradiated with EHF electromagnetic waves. Short-term EHF action was found to produce change of the budding period. The cell-cycles synchronization occurred after longer irradiation. Extraordinary prolonged synchrony of cycles (more then 20 cycles) was explained as result of the culture self-organization connected with activation of intercellular interaction.

[The role of cyclic nucleotides in reparative bone formation]. / Rol' tsiklicheskikh nukleotidov v reparativnom kosteobrazovanii.

Distinct alterations in content of cyclic nucleotides were observed during treatment of 133 patients with fractures of long tubular bones. The following effects were found after initial increase in cAMP content: increase in tissue permeability, aseptic inflammation, inhibition of cell mitosis, acceleration of cell enzymes synthesis, of protein biosynthesis and of the rate of microcirculation in the traumatized region. Elevation of cGMP concentration led to initiation of bone marrow proliferation, to augmented formation of organic matrix and its mineralization. Monitoring of cyclic nucleotides concentration enabled to evaluate the reparative osteogenesis activity.