ABSTRACT
We assessed the effects of chloroform extract of fermented Viola mandshurica (CEFV) on melanogenesis B16 melanoma cells. CEFV treatment significantly decreased melanin content and tyrosinase activity in dose-dependent manners. To elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of CEFV on melanogenesis, we performed RT-PCR and Western blotting for melanogenesis-related genes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). CEFV strongly inhibited mRNA as well as the protein expression of tyrosinase and MITF, but had no significant effect on TRP-1 or TRP-2 expressions. It markedly decreased the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), and induced the duration of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, leading to reduction of MITF expression and subsequently that of tyrosinase. Therefore, we suggest that CEFV induces downregulation of melanogenesis through decreased CREB phosphorylation and ERK activation.
Subject(s)
Fermentation , Melanins/biosynthesis , Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism , Melanoma, Experimental/pathology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Viola/chemistry , Viola/metabolism , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Intracellular Space/drug effects , Intracellular Space/metabolism , Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology , Melanoma, Experimental/genetics , Mice , Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/metabolism , Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Plant Extracts/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
Investigation of collagenase and gelatinase inhibitory natural components afforded two isoflavonoids. Two isoflavonoids, tectorigenin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside (1) and luteolin-7-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranoside (2), were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of Viola patrinii fermentation extracts (VPFE). Of these, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited collagenase inhibitory activity (IC(50)) at a concentration of less than 1.5 µM, and compound 2 showed gelatinases A and B inhibitory activity (IC(50)) at 0.3 µM and 0.8 µM, respectively.
Subject(s)
Fermentation , Gelatinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Viola/microbiology , Biocatalysis/drug effects , Chromatography/methods , Collagenases/metabolism , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Gelatinases/metabolism , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Isoflavones/chemistry , Isoflavones/isolation & purification , Isoflavones/pharmacology , Luteolin/chemistry , Luteolin/isolation & purification , Luteolin/pharmacology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Viola/metabolismABSTRACT
Our previous study has demonstrated that the methanol extract of Hyul-Tong-Ryung (HM) specifically suppresses the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production through the inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA expression in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional suppression of MMP-9 by HM in PMA-induced MCF-7 cells are not known. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of MMP-9 expression by HM in PMA-induced MCF-7 cells. The results of promoter assay and EMSA showed that HM specifically inhibits MMP-9 gene expression by blocking PMA-stimulated activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1). In addition, PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) was suppressed by HM treatment, whereas the phosphorylation of either c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was not affected. HM could inhibit the PMA-induced MMP-9 expression through suppression of the transcriptional activity of MMP-9 gene in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that HM inhibits PMA-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) via extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) signaling pathway.
