ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is activated by noxious cold (<17°C) and contributes to cold and mechanical hypersensitivity after inflammation and nerve injury. METHODS: To investigate whether TRPA1 is involved in the mediation of nociception, including noxious cold and cold hypersensitivity in teeth, we examined the expression of TRPA1 and sodium channel Nav1.8 in human dental pulp using fluorescent and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: TRPA1 was expressed in a large number of axons branching extensively in the peripheral pulp and in a few axons within the nerve bundles in the core of the coronal pulp and in the radicular pulp. Under electron microscopy, TRPA1 immunoreactivity was typically localized near the plasma membrane of unmyelinated axons in the peripheral pulp, suggesting that in these axons it may act as a functional receptor. The proportion of axons expressing TRPA1 in neurofilament 200-positive axons significantly increased in the painful pulp compared with the normal pulp. TRPA1 was also densely expressed in the processes and the cell body of odontoblasts. A large number of axons coexpressed TRPA1 and Nav1.8. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the notion that TRPA1 is involved in the perception of noxious cold and cold hypersensitivity in human dental pulp and that TRPA1-mediated nociception is primarily mediated by axons and odontoblasts in the peripheral pulp.
Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/analysis , Dental Pulp/innervation , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Transient Receptor Potential Channels/analysis , Adolescent , Axons/ultrastructure , Cell Membrane/ultrastructure , Cold Temperature/adverse effects , Dentin Sensitivity/physiopathology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron , Microscopy, Fluorescence , NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/analysis , Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/ultrastructure , Neurofilament Proteins/analysis , Nociception/physiology , Odontoblasts/cytology , Pulpitis/pathology , TRPA1 Cation Channel , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate apical transportation of 2 rotary file systems and 2 hybrid rotary instrumentation sequences. METHODS: One hundred twenty-four mesiobuccal canals of extracted molars were instrumented by 4 nickel-titanium rotary sequences. Group PF (n = 32) was instrumented with ProFile Series 29 to size #6 (#36/.06) at working length (WL). Group ES (n = 28) used EndoSequence to #35/.06. Group PFLS (n = 32) used ProFile Series 29 followed by LightSpeed in a hybrid technique to a final size #50. Group PTLS (n = 32) was instrumented with ProTaper and additional enlargement with LightSpeed to #50 in a hybrid technique. A double-digital radiographic technique was used to measure canal transportation at 0.5-5.0 mm from WL. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference for apical transportation between the groups at any level from the WL (0.5 mm, P = .74; 1.0 mm, P = .09; 2.0 mm, P = .29; 3.0 mm, P = .65; 4.0 mm, P = .21; 5.0 mm, P = .12). CONCLUSIONS: indicated that combining different file systems does not lead to increased levels of apical transportation. Hybrid instrumentation might be a valid alternative to achieve larger apical diameters without higher risk of procedural errors.
