Vanillin Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation, Mineral Apposition, and Antioxidant Effects in Pre-Osteoblasts.

Antioxidant vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is used as a flavoring in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin possesses various biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the biological activities of vanillin purified from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara on bone-forming processes. Vanillin treatment induced mineralization as a marker for mature osteoblasts, after stimulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity. The bone-forming processes of vanillin are mainly mediated by the upregulation of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), phospho-Smad1/5/8, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) pathway during the differentiation of osteogenic cells. Moreover, vanillin promoted osteoblast-mediated bone-forming phenotypes by inducing migration and F-actin polymerization. Furthermore, we validated that vanillin-mediated bone-forming processes were attenuated by noggin and DKK1. Finally, we demonstrated that vanillin-mediated antioxidant effects prevent the death of osteoblasts during bone-forming processes. Overall, vanillin has bone-forming properties through the BMP2-mediated biological mechanism, indicating it as a bone-protective compound for bone health and bone diseases such as periodontitis and osteoporosis.

Machilin D Promotes Apoptosis and Autophagy, and Inhibits Necroptosis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for about 90% of all head and neck cancers, the prognosis is very poor, and there are no effective targeted therapies. Herein, we isolated Machilin D (Mach), a lignin, from the roots of Saururus chinensis (S. chinensis) and assessed its inhibitory effects on OSCC. Herein, Mach had significant cytotoxicity against human OSCC cells and showed inhibitory effects against cell adhesion, migration, and invasion by inhibiting adhesion molecules, including the FAK/Src pathway. Mach suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathway and MAPKs, leading to apoptotic cell death. We investigated other modes of programmed cell death in these cells and found that Mach increased LC3I/II and Beclin1 and decreased p62, leading to autophagosomes, and suppressed the necroptosis-regulatory proteins RIP1 and MLKL. Our findings provide evidence that the inhibitory effects of Mach against human YD-10B OSCC cells are related to the promotion of apoptosis and autophagy and inhibition of necroptosis and are mediated via focal adhesion molecules.

Falcarindiol Stimulates Apoptotic and Autophagic Cell Death to Attenuate Cell Proliferation, Cell Division, and Metastasis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K Pathway in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) have high cancer mortality and a 5-year survival rate lower than that of most other carcinomas. New therapeutic strategies are required for the treatment and prevention against OSCCs. An approach to cancer therapy using plant-derived natural compounds has been actively in progress as a trend. Falcarindiol (FALC), or its isolated form Ostericum koreanum Kitagawa (O. koreanum), is present in many food and dietary plants, especially in carrots, and this compound has a variety of beneficial effects. However, biological activity of FALC has not been reported in OSCCs yet. This study aimed to demonstrate the antitumor effects of FALC against OSCCs, YD-10B cells. In this study, FALC was selected as a result of screening for compounds isolated from various natural products in YD-10B cells. FALC suppressed cell growth, and FALC-induced apoptotic cell death was mainly accompanied by the dephosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K. The apoptotic cell death was also associated with autophagy as evidenced by the expression of Beclin-1, the conversion of LC3-II, and the formation of autophagosome. FALC-induced autophagy was accompanied by MAPKs including ERK1/2 and p38. Furthermore, FALC caused the antimetastatic effects by inhibiting the migration and invasion of YD-10B cells. Taken together, the findings suggest the potential value of FALC as a novel candidate for therapeutic strategy against OSCCs.

11-O-Galloyl Bergenin from Corylopsis coreanas Leaves Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone-forming tumor, wherein most patients with high grade osteosarcomas are treated with chemotherapy. Despite this, survival for metastatic or relapsed osteosarcoma patients has remained at an overall 5-year survival rate of 20%. In particular, the extracts of Corylopsis coreana (Korean winter hazel), a cultivated woody plant in South Korea, have shown beneficial anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-osteoclastic, and antihyperuricemic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the antitumor activities and underlying mechanism of 11-O-Galloyl bergenin (OGAL) isolated from Corylopsis coreanas leaves in human osteosarcoma cells. Herein, we found that OGAL inhibited MG63 cell proliferation and induced cellular apoptosis as evidenced by cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, TUNEL-positive cells, and Annexin V-positive cells. Specifically, OGAL-induced apoptosis was accompanied by p53 and p21 upregulation, BAX expression, and decreased Bcl-2 and cdk2. Moreover, OGAL induced autophagy via AKT inactivation, LC3II upregulation, and MG63 cell autophagosome formation. OGAL-induced autophagy was also accompanied by increased p38 phosphorylation, whereas JNK and ERK1/2 activities were found to be unaffected upon examining the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, wound healing and Boyden chamber assays showed that OGAL suppressed MG63 cell migration and invasion. Given these findings, this study provided evidence that OGAL has antitumor effects by apoptosis and autophagy enhancement through increased p53, AKT, and p38 signaling, suggesting that OGAL may be a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma treatment.

Evaluation of Selective COX-2 Inhibition and In Silico Study of Kuwanon Derivatives Isolated from Morus alba.

Six kuwanon derivatives (A/B/C/E/H/J) extracted from the roots of Morus alba L. were evaluated to determine their cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and 2 inhibitory effects. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is known as the target enzyme of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are the most widely used therapeutic agents for pain and inflammation. Among six kuwanon derivatives, kuwanon A showed selective COX-2 inhibitory activity, almost equivalent to that of celecoxib, a known COX inhibitor. Kuwanon A showed high COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 14 µM) and a selectivity index (SI) range of >7.1, comparable to celecoxib (SI > 6.3). To understand the mechanisms underlying this effect, we performed docking simulations, fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations, and pair interaction energy decomposition analysis (PIEDA) at the quantum-mechanical level. As a result, kuwanon A had the strongest interaction with Arg120 and Tyr355 at the gate of the COX active site (-7.044 kcal/mol) and with Val89 in the membrane-binding domain (-6.599 kcal/mol). In addition, kuwanon A closely bound to Val89, His90, and Ser119, which are residues at the entrance and exit routes of the COX active site (4.329 Å). FMO calculations and PIEDA well supported the COX-2 selective inhibitory action of kuwanon A. It showed that the simulation and modeling results and experimental evidence were consistent.

7-HYB, a Phenolic Compound Isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt Increases Cell Migration, Osteoblast Differentiation, and Mineralization through BMP2 and ß-catenin Signaling.

The seeds (nutmegs) of Myristica fragrans Houtt have been used as popular spices and traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. A phenolic compound, ((7S)-8'-(benzo[3',4']dioxol-1'-yl)-7-hydroxypropyl)benzene-2,4-diol (7-HYB) was isolated from the seeds of M. fragrans. This study aimed to investigate the anabolic effects of 7-HYB in osteogenesis and bone mineralization. In the present study, 7-HYB promotes the early and late differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. 7-HYB also elevated cell migration rate during differentiation of the preosteoblasts with the increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. In addition, 7-HYB induced the protein level of BMP2, the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, and the expression of RUNX2. 7-HYB also inhibited GSK3ß and subsequently increased the level of ß-catenin. However, in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), 7-HYB has no biological effects in cell viability, TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclasts, and gene expression (c-Fos and NF-ATc1) in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. Our findings suggest that 7-HYB plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation through the BMP2 and ß-catenin signaling pathway. It also indicates that 7-HYB might have a therapeutic effect for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontitis.