ABSTRACT
Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in young adults are poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the frequency of common variations in prothrombotic genes between young patients with ischemic stroke and controls. Fifty-one cases of first-ever ischemic stroke and 70 community-based controls aged below 50 years were studied. In both groups, the insertion/deletion 4G/5G variation (-675 4G/5G PAI-1) as well as the single-nucleotide polymorphism-844 G/A of the PAI-1 (-844 G/A PAI-1) gene promoter, factor V Leiden (FVL) G1691Α, the prothrombin variant (allele 20210A, FIIG20210A), factor XIII-A Val34Leu polymorphism (FXIII-AVal34Leu) and C677T methylenotetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T MTHFR) polymorphism have been assessed. The -675 4G/5G PAI-1 allele distribution differed significantly between patients and controls (Pâ=â0.020), but no difference was found regarding the distribution of -844 G/A PAI-1 (Pâ=â0.493), FVL (Pâ=â0.199), FIIG20210A (Pâ=â0.410), FXIII-AVal34leu (Pâ=â0.160) and C677T MTHFR (Pâ=â0.788). A lower frequency of 5G/5G genotype and a higher frequency of the 4G/5G genotype of the PAI -675 4G/5G polymorphism was found in young ischemic stroke patients compared to healthy controls. Further epidemiological studies are needed to investigate the differences between different geographic areas, and prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate the possible protective role of 5G/5G polymorphism.
Subject(s)
Polymorphism, Genetic , Stroke/genetics , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/genetics , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Factor V/genetics , Factor XIII/genetics , Female , Genotype , Greece/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Middle Aged , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics , Prothrombin/genetics , Stroke/complications , Stroke/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Phytochemical investigation of the polar extracts of the aerial parts of Origanum dictamnus afforded 15 secondary metabolites. One new depside was isolated, to which the trivial name salvianolic acid P (1) was given, in addition to the known depsides rosmarinic acid (2) and rosmarinic acid methyl ester (3), as well as two monoterpenes, thymoquinone (4) and thymoquinol 2-O-beta-glucopyranoside (5); two simple phenolic acids, oresbiusin A (6) and E-caffeic acid (7); six flavonoids, namely, apigenin (8), kaempferol (9), quercetin (10), eriodictyol (11), taxifolin (12), naringenin (13); and two alicyclic derivatives, that is, 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid (14) and its 12-O-beta-d-glucoside (15). The structures of all isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HPLC-DAD-MS and HR-MS spectrometric analyses. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by CD measurements as 7'R, 7''S, 8''S. Compound 1 is interesting as it contains a benzodioxane ring, which is unusual in natural products. Moreover, it has been proved to be active against the Gram-negative clinical strains Acinetobacter hemolyticus , Empedobacter brevis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumoniae .
