Joint and muscle injuries in men and women CrossFit® training participants.

OBJECTIVE: Verify the incidence and rate of joint and muscle injuries with the practice of CrossFit® and the potential risk factors for injuries in men and women. METHODS: A total of 184 CrossFit® participants (97 men and 87 women). A questionnaire was conducted based on characterization, training routine, injuries, and additional information. The incidence refers to the number of new cases of injury in the sample during the CrossFit® training. The injury rate was calculated by estimating the number of weekly training hours and converted into the number of injuries per 1000 training hours. RESULTS: Among the participants, 38.6% reported some type of injury, being joint injuries (83.1%) and/or muscle injuries (45.1%). The injury rate was 3.4/1000 h, with men having a higher rate. The location of the joint injuries was shoulders, wrists, and elbows, in addition to the lumbar spine in women. As for muscle injuries, the deltoid, upper back muscles, and quadriceps femoris were the most reported in men and deltoid, trapezius, upper back muscles, and gastrocnemius in women. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the anatomical distribution of the injuries may help coaches prescribe the most adequate workout that may reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring in CrossFit® training participants. It was demonstrated that gender, experience, weekly frequency, and previous injuries are important factors, and professionals must be concerned with the assessment of the participants and with an individualized progression in order to avoid risks.

Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review.

The load in resistance training is considered to be a critical variable for neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, it is important to assess the effects of applying different loads on the development of maximal strength and muscular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and compare the effects of resistance training that was performed with low loads versus moderate and high loads in untrained and trained healthy adult males on the development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy during randomized experimental designs. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (2021) were followed with the eligibility criteria defined according to participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design (PICOS): (P) healthy males between 18 and 40 years old, (I) interventions performed with low loads, (C) interventions performed with moderate or high loads, (O) development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy, and (S) randomized experimental studies with between- or within-subject parallel designs. The literature search strategy was performed in three electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) on 22 August 2021. Results: Twenty-three studies with a total of 563 participants (80.6% untrained and 19.4% trained) were selected. The studies included both relative and absolute loads. All studies were classified as being moderate-to-high methodological quality, although only two studies had a score higher than six points. The main findings indicated that the load magnitude that was used during resistance training influenced the dynamic strength and isometric strength gains. In general, comparisons between the groups (i.e., low, moderate, and high loads) showed higher gains in 1RM and maximal voluntary isometric contraction when moderate and high loads were used. In contrast, regarding muscle hypertrophy, most studies showed that when resistance training was performed to muscle failure, the load used had less influence on muscle hypertrophy. The current literature shows that gains in maximal strength are more pronounced with high and moderate loads compared to low loads in healthy adult male populations. However, for muscle hypertrophy, studies indicate that a wide spectrum of loads (i.e., 30 to 90% 1RM) may be used for healthy adult male populations.

Influência das diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual na flexibilidade de mulheres jovens / Influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on flexibility of young women

INTRODUÇÃO: O ciclo menstrual é o principal responsável por modificações da fisiologia feminina, que pode afetar algumas respostas morfofuncionais. OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência das diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual na flexibilidade de mulheres jovens. MÉTODO: 44 voluntárias divididas em um grupo controle (n = 24), que fazia uso regular de contraceptivos hormonais, e um grupo experimental (n = 20), que não utilizava anticoncepcionais, foram submetidas a três dias de avaliações, uma em cada fase do ciclo menstrual (folicular, ovulatória e lútea). Foram avaliados dados antropométricos (massa corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e abdômen) e de composição corporal (percentual de gordura e massa magra). A flexibilidade foi mensurada através do teste de sentar e alcançar no banco de Wells. Aplicou-se, então, o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para as comparações intergrupos e o teste de Friedman para a comparação entre as diferentes fases menstruais. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas intra e intergrupos entre as diferentes fases do ciclo (p > 0,05). Foi observada maior variabilidade no grupo controle em comparação ao experimental. CONCLUSÃO: As diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual não interferem na flexibilidade de mulheres jovens, independente do uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais.

INTRODUCTION: The menstrual cycle is the main responsible for changes in female physiology, which may affect some morphofunctional responses. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the influence of the different phases of the menstrual cycle on the physical flexibility of young women. METHODS: 44 volunteers were divided into a control group (n = 24), which made regular use of hormonal contraceptives, and an experimental group (n = 20), which did not use contraceptives. All volunteers underwent three days of evaluations, one for each phase of menstrual cycle (follicular, ovulatory and luteal). Anthropometric data (body mass, body mass index, waist and abdomen circumferences), and body composition data (body fat percentage and lean mass) were assessed. Flexibility was then analyzed through the sit and reach test on Wells bench. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was then applied for intragroup comparisons, and the Friedman test for comparison between the different menstrual phases. RESULTS: No significant differences between groups within and between different phases of the cycle were observed (p > 0.05). Greater variability within the control group was observed when compared to the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the menstrual cycle phase and of the use of hormonal contraceptives, the physical flexibility is not altered in young women.

Imagem corporal e corpo ideal / Body image and ideal body

Atualmente as relações com o corpo são amplamente influenciadas por diversos fatores socioculturais. Estes fatores conduzem homens e mulheres a apresentarem um conjunto de preocupações e insatisfações com a imagem corporal, influenciando diretamente a busca pela melhor aparência física. A imagem corporal envolve um complexo emaranhado de fatores psicológicos, sociais, culturais e biológicos que determinam subjetivamente como os indivíduos se vêem, acham que são vistos e vêem os outros. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta revisão de literatura é revisar o constructo imagem corporal e a busca do tipo físico ideal. A revisão passa desde a infância, onde os fatores como maturação, mídia, amigos e parentes influenciam dire¬tamente a formação e a direção do tipo físico ideal. Não muito diferente, os jovens e os adultos sofrem influências similares para as suas atitudes. Nos idosos a busca do tipo físico ideal está associado aos aspectos inerentes ao envelhecimento, ou seja, as perdas das capacidades fun¬cionais. Nos atletas, o tipo de atividade física tem forte correlação com o direcionamento da busca do tipo físico ideal. Constata-se que independente da faixa etária ou fase da vida, existe um direcionamento e uma grande influência dos fatores socioculturais, como mídia, os amigos e familiares e grupo no qual se esta inserido, na busca do corpo ideal e de uma melhor satisfação da imagem corporal.

Currently, the relations with body are influenced by diverse sociocultural factors. These factors conducted men and women introduce her preoccupations and dissatisfactions with body image, influencing directly for search by the better physical appearance. The body image involves a complex tangle of psychological, social, cultural and biological factors which determine subjectively as the individuals are seen, they think they are visas and see them another. Thus, the goal of this literature revision is to revise constructor body image and for search of the type ideal physical. The young people and the adults suffer similar influences for her attitudes. In the senior the search of the type ideal physical is associated to the inher¬ent aspects to the aging, in other words, the losses of the functional capacities. In the athletes the type of physical activity has strong correlation with the direction of the search of the type ideal physical. It verifies how independent of age band or phase of life, there is a direction and a great influence of the sociocultural factors, like media, the friends and family and group in which if this inserted, in the search of the ideal body and of a better satisfaction of the body image.