ABSTRACT
Utilizing McMurry reactions of 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone with appropriate carbonyl compounds, a series of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen analogues were synthesized. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro on four human malignant cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, A2058, HT-29). It was found that some of these novel Tamoxifen analogues show marked cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The relative ROS-generating capability of the synthetized analogues was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and DFT modeling studies. The results of cell-viability assays, CV measurements and DFT calculations suggest that the cytotoxicity of the majority of the novel compounds is mainly elicited by their interactions with cellular targets including estrogen receptors rather than triggered by redox processes. However, three novel compounds could be involved in ROS-production and subsequent formation of quinone-methide preventing proliferation and disrupting the redox balance of the treated cells. Among the cell lines studied, HT-29 proved to be the most susceptible to the treatment with compounds having ROS-generating potency.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Breast Neoplasms , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Electrons , Female , Humans , Reactive Oxygen Species/pharmacology , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives , Tamoxifen/metabolismABSTRACT
Structurally different bis(imino)copper(i) complexes were prepared in a highly modular manner and utilized as copper-based photocatalysts in the ATRA reactions of styrenes and alkyl halides. The new photocatalysts showed good catalytic activity and ensured efficient chemical transformations.
ABSTRACT
Using the LabVIEW™ graphical programming language designed by National Instruments®, a digital simulation model has been developed in order to describe electrochemical processes occurring at rotating ring-disk electrodes. The model allows for taking into consideration independent potential control of the two working electrodes, homogeneous electrode reactions, as well as spatial inhomogeneities of the working electrode surfaces. The main programming concepts, as well as the operation of the simulation software is presented. Several test simulations have been carried out in order to evaluate the accuracy of the calculations.
Subject(s)
Electrochemistry/instrumentation , Models, Chemical , Rotation , Electrodes , Kinetics , Software , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
The reduction of perchlorate ions at ruthenium electrodes was investigated by voltammetry, chronoamperometry, impedance spectroscopy, and by measuring changes of interfacial stress changes using the cantilever bending method as functions of electrode potential, and concentrations of perchloric acid and HCl. The cyclic voltammograms recorded at a rotating (Ru) disc electrode were highly asymmetric with respect to the electrode potential axis, and a negative current could be observed even during the positive sweep. Chloride ions decrease the interfacial stress and exert an inhibiting effect on the reduction process indicating the role of competitive adsorption. The desorption rate of Cl(-) depends strongly on the hydrodynamic conditions, probably through desorption/diffusion coupling. These results serve as a warning that in perchlorate-containing solutions in contact with Ru the adsorption of chloride ions may also influence the rate of other electrochemical processes.
