Desayuno, rendimiento y equilibrio alimentario: ¿cómo desayunan los españoles? / Breakfast, performance and dietary balance: how is breakfast intake in Spanish people?

Fundamento: Se ha asociado el consumo usual del desayuno con mejor estado nutricional, efectos favorables sobre el rendimiento cognitivo y riesgo de obesidad. Se describen los hábitos de consumo con el desayuno en la población española. Métodos: Datos obtenidos del estudio ENPE. Estudio transversal en muestra aleatoria de la población española mayor de 3 años (n = 6.800). Se recogió información mediante historia dietética, cuestionario de hábitos alimentarios y recuerdo 24 horas por entrevista individual con cada participante, en presencia de madre, padre, tutor o cuidador en el caso delos menores de 8 años. Resultados: El 94.6% de los hombres y el 95% de las mujeres consumen la ración del desayuno habitualmente. Un 8% de la población entre 9 y 18 años no consume el desayuno. El 44.4% dedica menos de 10 minutos a desayunar. El desayuno usual es similar a diario y el fin de semana. Consiste en leche [77% consumidores), café (55%), pan (45%), con aceite (16%), tomate (6,7%), mantequilla (11.4%) margarina (3%), y/o mermelada (9,5%). Alternativamente se eligen galletas (26%), bollería (16%) o cereales de desayuno (14.4%). Incluye usualmente fruta el 9,5%. Zumos naturales el 10.1% y zumos envasados el 6,8%. Solo el 4,4% de los hombres y el 4,7% de las mujeres realizan un desayuno adecuado, con lácteos, cereales y fruta. Conclusiones: Seria deseable mejorar el consumo de frutas con el desayuno en todos los grupos de edad y fomentar el consumo preferente de alimentos del grupo de cereales a partir de productos elaborados con grano entero, menos refinados y con menor contenido de azúcares, grasas y sal añadida (AU)

Background: Usual breakfast consumption has been associated to a better nutritional status, positive effects on cognition and decreased risk of obesity. Breakfast consumption habits in the Spanish population are described in this paper. Methods: Data were obtained from the ENPE study, cross-sectional study on a random sample of the Spanish population aged 3 yr. and over (n = 6.800). Information was collected by means of a diet history and food habits questionnaire as well as 24 hour recall in a face-to-face interview, children 8 year old and below along their mothers, fathers, tutors or caretakers. Results: Some 94.6% of men and 95% of women usually have breakfast, but 8% of the population aged between 9-18 yr do not have breakfast. Some 44.4% devote less than 10 minutes to have breakfast. Usua breakfast is similar on week days and on week-end days. Usually consists of milk (77% consumers), coffee (55%), bread (45%), olive oil (16%), tomate (6.7º/o), butter (11.4%) margarine (3%). and/or marmalade (9.5%). Alternatively people choose biscuits (26%), bakery products (16%) or breakfast cereals (14.4%). Some 9.5% usually have fruit, fresh pressed juice 10.1% and packed juices 6.8%. Only 4.4% in men and 4.7% in women complete adequate quality breakfast including dairy, cereal food and fruit. Conclusions: Improved fruit consumption with breakfast would be desirable in all age groups, as well as an increased preferred consumption of whole grain based, less processed, cereal products, with less content of added sugars, fats and salt (AU)

Por qué no utilizar el conocimiento previo: la estadística bayesiana. Respuesta / Why not use existing knowledge: bayesian statistics. Response

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Prevalencia de obesidad general y obesidad abdominal en la población adulta española (25-64 años) 2014-2015: estudio ENPE / Prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the spanish adult population (Aged 25-64 Years) 2014-2015: The ENPE Study

Introducción y objetivos: Según el análisis de 2013 del Institute of Health Metrics, valores elevados de índice de masa corporal son el primer factor de riesgo de carga de enfermedad en España. Con base en este punto de interés, se describe la prevalencia de obesidad total y obesidad abdominal en la población adulta española (25-64 años) en 2014-2015. Métodos: La muestra procede del estudio ENPE, estudio transversal en muestra representativa de la población no institucionalizada (n = 6.800), realizado entre mayo de 2014 y mayo de 2015. Este análisis se refiere a población entre 25 y 64 años (n = 3.966). Observadores entrenados realizaron las mediciones antropométricas en los domicilios según protocolos internacionales estandarizados. Se consideró sobrepeso valores de índice de masa corporal ≥ 25 y obesidad, índice de masa corporal ≥ 30. La obesidad abdominal se tipificó para valores de cintura > 102 cm en varones y > 88 cm en mujeres. Resultados: La prevalencia de sobrepeso estimada en la población adulta española (25–64 años) es del 39,3% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 35,7-42,9%); la de obesidad general, del 21,6% (IC95%, 19,0-24,2%), el 22,8% (IC95%, 20,6-25,0%) entre los varones y el 20,5% (IC95%, 18,5-22,5%) entre las mujeres, y aumenta con la edad. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal se estima en el 33,4% (IC95%, 31,1-35,7%), mayor entre las mujeres (el 43,3%; IC95%, 41,1-45,8%) que entre los varones (el 23,3%; IC95%, 20,9-25,5%), y también aumenta con la edad. Conclusiones: Las prevalencias de obesidad general y obesidad abdominal en España son altas, aunque con distribución desigual por comunidades autónomas. La comparación con datos precedentes plantea un aumento importante de la sobrecarga ponderal, lo que indica la necesidad de vigilancia sistemática y acciones integradas (AU)

Introduction and objectives: According to the 2013 analysis of the Institute of Health Metrics, high body mass index values are the most important risk factor for disease in Spain. Consequently, we describe the prevalence of total obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population (25–64 years) for 2014-2015. Methods: The sample was taken from the ENPE study, a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population (n = 6800) carried out between May 2014 and May 2015. This analysis refers to the population between age 25 and 64 years (n = 3966). The anthropometric measurements were performed by trained observers at participants’ homes according to standard international protocols. Body mass index ≥ 25 was defined as overweight and ≥ 30 as obesity. Abdominal obesity was classified as waist > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women. Results: The estimated prevalence of overweight in the Spanish adult population (25-64 years) was 39.3% 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 35.7%-42.9%). The prevalence of general obesity was 21.6% (95%CI, 19.0%-24.2%) and, more specifically, was 22.8% (95%CI, 20.6%-25.0%) among men and 20.5% (95%CI, 18.5%-22.5%) among women, and rose with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was estimated at 33.4% (95%CI, 31.1%-35.7%) and was higher among women (43.3%; 95%CI, 41.1%-45.8%) than among men (23.3%; 95%CI, 20.9%-25.5%), and also rose with age. Conclusions: The prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in Spain is high, although the distribution differs according to autonomous community. A comparison with earlier data reveals a considerable increase in overweight, indicating the need for routine monitoring and comprehensive initiatives (AU)

Prevalence of General Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in the Spanish Adult Population (Aged 25-64 Years) 2014-2015: The ENPE Study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: According to the 2013 analysis of the Institute of Health Metrics, high body mass index values are the most important risk factor for disease in Spain. Consequently, we describe the prevalence of total obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population (25-64 years) for 2014-2015. METHODS: The sample was taken from the ENPE study, a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population (n = 6800) carried out between May 2014 and May 2015. This analysis refers to the population between age 25 and 64 years (n = 3966). The anthropometric measurements were performed by trained observers at participants' homes according to standard international protocols. Body mass index ≥ 25 was defined as overweight and ≥ 30 as obesity. Abdominal obesity was classified as waist > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of overweight in the Spanish adult population (25-64 years) was 39.3% 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 35.7%-42.9%). The prevalence of general obesity was 21.6% (95%CI, 19.0%-24.2%) and, more specifically, was 22.8% (95%CI, 20.6%-25.0%) among men and 20.5% (95%CI, 18.5%-22.5%) among women, and rose with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was estimated at 33.4% (95%CI, 31.1%-35.7%) and was higher among women (43.3%; 95%CI, 41.1%-45.8%) than among men (23.3%; 95%CI, 20.9%-25.5%), and also rose with age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in Spain is high, although the distribution differs according to autonomous community. A comparison with earlier data reveals a considerable increase in overweight, indicating the need for routine monitoring and comprehensive initiatives.