Fundamentos para aplicar una estrategia de cribado poblacional de la hepatitis C en España / No disponible

ANTECEDENTES: la hepatitis C, además del impacto en la salud, produce una importante pérdida de productividad, disminuye la calidad de vida y contribuye notablemente al aumento del gasto sanitario. Por estas razones, el Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social (MSCBS) de España implantó en 2015 el Plan Estratégico para el Abordaje de la Hepatitis C (PEAHC) en el Sistema Nacional de la salud. Sin embargo, el PEAHC no incluye ningún plan de cribado. El MSCBS desarrolló el "Documento marco sobre cribado poblacional", que define los criterios que debe reunir una enfermedad para considerar la implantación de un programa de cribado. En concreto, define 4 criterios relativos al problema de salud, 4 relativos a la prueba de cribado y 3 relativos al diagnóstico de confirmación y al tratamiento. OBJETIVO: identificar si existe evidencia científica que permita afirmar que la hepatitis C reúne los criterios para ser considerada una enfermedad para la que se debe desarrollar una estrategia de cribado poblacional en España. MÉTODOS: búsqueda bibliográfica de la evidencia científica sobre cada uno de los criterios requeridos para la implantación de un plan de cribado poblacional de la hepatitis C en España. RESULTADOS: se encontró evidencia científica suficiente que justifica que la hepatitis C reúne los criterios exigidos por el MSCBS para implantar un programa de cribado poblacional. CONCLUSIONES: según la evidencia científica disponible, la hepatitis C en España reúne los criterios necesarios para que se considere la implantación de un plan de cribado poblacional

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Principles for implementing a population screening strategy for hepatitis C in Spain.

BACKGROUND: hepatitis C, besides health impairment, results in significant loss of productivity and diminished quality of life, and noticeably contributes to health expenditure increases. Because of all this, the Spanish Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social - MSCBS) implemented in 2015 a strategic plan for managing hepatitis C (Plan Estratégico para el Abordaje de la Hepatitis C - PEAHC) within the National Health System. However, the PEAHC includes no screening plan. The MSCBS developed a framework document on population screening (Documento Marco sobre Cribado Poblacional) that defines the criteria a disease must meet in order to consider implementing a screening program. Specifically, it defines 4 criteria related to the health issue, 4 related to the screening test, and 3 criteria dealing with diagnosis confirmation and treatment. OBJECTIVE: to identify whether there is scientific evidence to support hepatitis C meeting the criteria to be considered a disease qualifying for a population screening strategy in Spain. METHODS: a literature search for scientific evidence concerning each required criterion for implementing a population screening plan for hepatitis C in Spain. RESULTS: sufficient scientific evidence was found to support hepatitis C meeting the criteria required by the MSCBS for the implementation of a population screening program. CONCLUSIONS: according to the available scientific evidence, hepatitis C in Spain meets the required criteria to qualify for consideration of population screening plan.

Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain: An opportunity to improve. / El diagnóstico de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en España: una oportunidad para mejorar.

BACKGROUND: Reflex testing of antibodies and viral load in the same sample for diagnosing hepatitis C virus infection speeds up access to treatment. However, how hepatitis C is diagnosed in Spanish hospitals is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe the available resources and procedures for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain. METHODS: Survey sent to public and private Spanish hospitals with teaching accreditation with at least 200 beds. RESULTS: Of the 160 hospitals that met the inclusion criteria, 90 centres (response rate 56.3%) completed the survey. Two hospitals (2.2%) have no diagnostic resources, 15 (16.7%) can only test for anti-hepatitis C virus(Ab), 9 (10.0%) for Ab and viral load, 47 (52.2%) for Ab, viral load and genotype, 2 (2.2%) for Ab, viral load and core antigen, and 15 (16.7%) can perform Ab, core antigen, viral load and genotype tests. When an Ab test is positive, 28 (31.1%) hospitals perform reflex testing. When an active infection is diagnosed, some communication strategy is used in 62 (68.9%) hospitals. Approximately 44.2% of the respondents believe that all determinations needed to reach a definitive diagnosis should be done on a single blood sample. CONCLUSION: Although 81% of Spanish hospitals have the resources to perform reflex hepatitis C virus infection testing, it is only done in 31%, and less than a half of respondents believe that the definitive diagnosis should be performed on a single sample.

El diagnóstico de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en España: una oportunidad para mejorar / Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain: An opportunity to improve

ANTECEDENTES: El diagnóstico de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en un solo paso (anticuerpos y carga viral en una misma muestra) disminuiría el tiempo de acceso al tratamiento. Se desconoce el proceso del diagnóstico de la hepatitis C en los hospitales españoles. OBJETIVO: Describir los recursos diagnósticos disponibles y el proceso del diagnóstico de la infección por virus de la hepatitis C en España. MÉTODOS: Encuesta dirigida a hospitales españoles, públicos o privados con acreditación docente, de 200 camas o más. RESULTADOS: De los 160 hospitales con criterios de inclusión, respondieron 90 (tasa de respuesta del 56,3%). Dos centros (2,2%) no disponen de ningún recurso diagnóstico, 15 (16,7%) solo pueden realizar determinación de anticuerpos (Ac), 9 (10%) de Ac y carga viral (CV), 47 (52,2%) de Ac, CV y genotipo, 2 (2,2%) de Ac, CV y antígeno core, y 15 (16,7%) de Ac, antígeno core, CV y genotipo. Ante un resultado de Ac positivo, 28 (31,1%) hospitales hacen diagnóstico virológico en la misma muestra. Cuando hay una infección activa, se utiliza alguna estrategia de comunicación en 62 (68,9%) hospitales. El 44,2% de los respondedores cree que las determinaciones para llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo se deben hacer con una muestra única de sangre. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el 81% de los hospitales dispone de medios para realizar el diagnóstico de la infección por virus de la hepatitis C en un solo paso, únicamente lo hace el 31%. Menos de la mitad de los encuestados cree que el diagnóstico definitivo se debe hacer con una única muestra

BACKGROUND: Reflex testing of antibodies and viral load in the same sample for diagnosing hepatitis C virus infection speeds up access to treatment. However, how hepatitis C is diagnosed in Spanish hospitals is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe the available resources and procedures for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain. METHODS: Survey sent to public and private Spanish hospitals with teaching accreditation with at least 200 beds. RESULTS: Of the 160 hospitals that met the inclusion criteria, 90 centres (response rate 56.3%) completed the survey. Two hospitals (2.2%) have no diagnostic resources, 15 (16.7%) can only test for anti-hepatitis C virus(Ab), 9 (10.0%) for Ab and viral load, 47 (52.2%) for Ab, viral load and genotype, 2 (2.2%) for Ab, viral load and core antigen, and 15 (16.7%) can perform Ab, core antigen, viral load and genotype tests. When an Ab test is positive, 28 (31.1%) hospitals perform reflex testing. When an active infection is diagnosed, some communication strategy is used in 62 (68.9%) hospitals. Approximately 44.2% of the respondents believe that all determinations needed to reach a definitive diagnosis should be done on a single blood sample. CONCLUSION: Although 81% of Spanish hospitals have the resources to perform reflex hepatitis C virus infection testing, it is only done in 31%, and less than a half of respondents believe that the definitive diagnosis should be performed on a single sample

The efficiency of several one-step testing strategies for the diagnosis of hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: implementing one-step strategies for hepatitis C diagnosis would help shorten the time to treatment access. Thus avoiding disease progression and complications, while facilitating hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. OBJECTIVE: to assess the validity and certainty of potential one-step strategies for the diagnosis of HCV infection and their associated cost and efficiency. METHODS: the study design is an economic appraisal of efficiency (cost/efficacy) using decision trees and deterministic sensitivity analysis. The analysis was performed from the payer perspective (Spanish National Health System), which exclusively considers the direct costs. Only the differential costs (diagnostic testing costs) were taken into account and the study was set in Spain. The efficacy of a diagnostic strategy was defined as the percentage of patients with an active HCV infection who received a positive diagnosis and the efficiency was defined as the cost per patient with a correctly diagnosed and active infection. RESULTS: the one-step strategies evaluated for the diagnosis of HCV had an acceptable validity and certainty due to the high sensitivity and specificity of the considered tests. The Ab-Ag strategy was the most efficient, followed by Ab-Ag-VL and Ab-VL. Ab-Ag was the most efficient due to the lower cost per patient tested, although the efficacy was lower than the Ab-VL efficacy. CONCLUSION: the study findings may help to establish more appropriate one-step diagnostic approaches whilst considering the efficacy and efficiency.

Enfermedad arterial periférica en Cataluña: perfil del paciente y calidad de las historias clínicas según las características del Servicio de Cirugía Vascular / Peripheral arterial disease in Catalonia: patient profile and quality of clinical records by characteristics of the Vascular Surgery Unit

Introducción y objetivo. La enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es causa frecuente de ingreso hospitalario. Este trabajo pretende investigar diferencias en el perfil de los pacientes y en la historia clínica, en función del tamaño del Servicio de Cirugía Vascular (SCV). Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de observación retrospectivo. Muestreo estratificado por conglomerados y selección de pacientes ingresados por EAP. Análisis: 1. Descripción del perfil de los pacientes, de la calidad de la historia clínica, y del SCV (disponibilidad de medios diagnósticos, terapéuticos y protocolos escritos); 2. Asociación entre estas variables y el tamaño del SCV. Resultados. Se obtuvo una muestra de 14 hospitales, 6 con SCV de 15 camas o menos (S ≤ 15 C) y 8 con más de 15 camas (S > 15 C). La media de disponibilidad de medios diagnósticos, terapéuticos y protocolos escritos fue de 9,0, 2,8 y 2,0 en S ≤ 15 C, y de 11,5, 6,5, y 3,3 en S > 15 C. Las proporciones de pacientes > 70 años, mujeres, patología isquémica y coexistencia de diabetes fueron significativamente más elevadas en los S ≤ 15 C (67, 31, 95 y 57%, respectivamente) que en los S > 15 C (58, 22, 69 y 48%, correspondientemente). El registro en la historia clínica de la comorbilidad y del tratamiento durante el ingreso y al alta fue significativamente inferior en los S ≤ 15 C. Existió infrarregistro de los factores de riesgo en ambos tipos de SCV. Conclusiones. El perfil de los pacientes y la calidad de la historia clínica varían según el tamaño del SCV. El infrarregistro de los factores de riesgo puede dificultar la implantación de medidas de prevención y tratamiento

Introduction and aim. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a frequent cause of hospital admission. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in patient profiles and clinical records as a function of the size of the Vascular Surgery Unit (VSU). Patients and methods. Retrospective observational study. Stratified cluster sampling and selection of patients hospitalized for PAD. Analysis: 1) Description of patient profile, quality of the clinical record, and VSU (availability of diagnostic and therapeutic resources, and written protocols; 2) Association between these variables and size of VSU. Results. The sample consisted of 14 hospitals, 6 with a VSU of fewer than 15 beds (U ≤ 15B) and 8 with more than 15 beds (U > 15B). The mean number of diagnostic and therapeutic resources, and written protocols was 9.0, 2.8 and 2.0 in U ≤ 15B, and 11.5, 6.5 and 3.3 in U > 15B. The proportions of patients who were older than 70, female, with isquemic disease, or with coexisting diabetes were significantly higher in the U ≤ 15B (67, 31, 95 and 57%, respectively) than in the U > 15B (58, 22, 69 and 48%). Comorbid conditions and treatment during admission and on release from hospital were documented significantly less frequently in the clinical records in the U ≤ 15B. Risk factors were under-reported in the clinical records in both types of VSU. Conclusions. Patient profiles and the quality of clinical records vary by size of VSU. Under-reporting of risk factors may hinder the implementation of prevention and treatment measures