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1.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol ; 46(3): 239-46, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20165831

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to ascertain whether disasters at sea had an enduring traumatic effect on psychological functioning, accident proneness, and on their interest to continue working at sea. METHOD: Crew members of selected sea-disasters were contacted. The chosen disasters were of differing severity and in some cases fatalities had occurred. The disasters had taken place on average 8 years previously. Those who agreed to participate were interviewed in a semi-structured interview. They also answered the CIDI; DIS; GHQ-30; IES, and PTSS-10. One hundred-and-twelve seamen who had been in disasters were compared with a comparison group consisting of 59 peers who had not been in a disaster. RESULTS: Survivors of fatal disasters experienced more long-lasting negative effects than did others where lives were not lost. They had more frequently unpleasant intrusive thoughts on the IES (p < 0.01) compared with their peers. On the DIS, they also more frequently experienced heightened arousal (p < 0.001), sleep problems (p < 0.01), and nightmares (p < 0.01). The duration of PTSD symptoms from the time of the disaster was on average 18 months. Over 33% of the disaster group had experienced some PTSD symptoms within the past 12 months. Disaster survivors had not quit seamanship as frequently as non-disaster seamen. CONCLUSION: The most severe and long-lasting symptoms were found among those who had been in disasters where one or more crew members had perished. Loss of life in disasters therefore seems significant in the process of creating or extending the endurance of symptoms of psychological vulnerability.


Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational/mortality , Accidents, Occupational/statistics & numerical data , Disasters/statistics & numerical data , Naval Medicine/statistics & numerical data , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Survivors/psychology , Accident Proneness , Accidents, Occupational/psychology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , North Sea , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Survivors/statistics & numerical data , Time
2.
J Obstet Gynaecol ; 20(3): 263-6, 2000 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15512548

ABSTRACT

Low back pain (LBP.), smoking and employment was studied among 111 consecutive women admitted to a maternity ward over a 6-week period, 40 were primiparas and 71 multiparas. LBP was defined as any pain in the low back, irrespective of the specific cause of the pain. Two specially constructed questionnaires were utilised. The first was a, 14-item questionnaire which all participants answered before leaving the maternity ward. It included questions on employment and smoking and self-rating Visual Analogue Scales used for rating LBP. LBP was rated during the pregnancy and 3 days after delivery. The second questionnaire was used in a 90-day follow-up interview. The mean age of participants was 28 years. The prevalence of LBP during pregnancy was 58.5% among the 111 participants. Of the 111, 75% continued to have LBP postpartum and at the 90-day post-delivery follow-up, 54% of those with LBP during pregnancy were still experiencing LBP. Previous births and birth weight were not found to correlate positively with LBP. LBP during pregnancy did not affect the length of employment during pregnancy. Smokers had LBP more frequently during pregnancy and also after (P <0.002). It is concluded that smoking does seem to contribute to LBP during and after pregnancy. Birth weight does not affect LBP and LBP does not affect the length of employment during pregnancy.

3.
Acta Neurol Scand ; 96(3): 158-62, 1997 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9300068

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In order to clarify the lifetime likelihood of developing psychiatric disorder following the Akureyri disease, we have investigated 55 well documented cases of the Akureyri disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All participants were interviewed and diagnosed as to psychiatric disorders according to DSM-III. RESULTS: Of the 55 subjects included in this analysis 53 were women. The mean age of the participants was 67.7 years. The most common problem was agoraphobia with panic attacks 12.7% (P < 0.0001); agoraphobia without panic attacks 21.8% (P < 0.0001); social phobia 14.5% (P < 0.001); simple phobia 18.1% (P < 0.05); schizophrenia 3.6% (P < 0.01); and alcohol dependence 5.4% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Prolonged chronic fatigue most commonly results in anxiety disorders. Following the infection, the more serious psychiatric disorders do not seem to play a major role in the long run.


Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/psychology , Adult , Aged , Agoraphobia/diagnosis , Agoraphobia/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Iceland , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Assessment , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
5.
Scand J Rehabil Med ; 28(1): 27-31, 1996 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8701233

ABSTRACT

This is a 5-year follow-up study of coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) patients. Our aim was: To study the development of previously rated psycho-medical aspects, with special reference to depression among the CABG patients. The patients were sent two questionnaires, one of which focused on psycho-medical factors and the other on depression. The average rate of participation was 80%. The most important results were that previously high levels of depression were no longer to be found and that post-operative depression among the CABG patients clearly disappears over time.


Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Bypass/psychology , Depression/etiology , Aged , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors
6.
Scand J Rehabil Med ; 28(1): 33-8, 1996 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8701235

ABSTRACT

The association between pain in general, back pain and smoking was studied in a sample of subjects from the general public (n = 862). The results show that smoking men had pain problems more frequently than women (p < 0.0001). In comparison with non-smokers, smokers were found to have back pains more frequently (p < 0.01). Male smokers were also found to have a higher frequency of intervertebral disc problems than female smokers (p < 0.009). The frequency of disc problems encountered by the smoking subjects indicates a possible connection between smoking and back pain.


Subject(s)
Back Pain/etiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Back Pain/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Iceland , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Distribution
7.
Laeknabladid ; 82(5): 378-83, 1996 May.
Article in Icelandic | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20065415

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There has been substantial difference in the reported frequency of neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This difference can at least partly be explained by methodological difference, especially in case identification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study in a group of 65 unselected SLE patients was performed. The study consisted of two parts: 1) a neuropsychiatric evaluation which included a review of the patient's charts and a neurological interview, 2) a structured psychiatric interview, i.e. the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS: In part one 37 patients or 57% had positive findings, while in part two the number was 32 pa nottients or 49%. Overall, 46 patients or 71% had experienced one or more neuropsychiatric manifestations. The most prevalent manifestations in part one were headache and psychoses, and in part two simple phobia, agarophobia, social phobia and generalized anxiety. Approximately 25% of the patients were treated solely outside hospitals. CONCLUSION: The unselected nature of this study gives a picture probably more representative of the true neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus than previous studies of selected patient populations.

8.
Scand J Rheumatol ; 24(6): 346-51, 1995.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8610218

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of lifetime psychiatric disorders was investigated among all known systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Iceland. The participation rate was 81%. Over 49% of the subjects received a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. The number of diagnoses per person was 2.3. The most common disorder among those with a disorder was phobia (56%), followed by generalized anxiety (12%). Agoraphobia with and without panic, simple, social phobia, and alcohol abuse were found to be more common among the SLE patients in comparison with a population sample (p < 0.02; p < 0.0001; p < 0.001; p < 0.0001; p < 0.05, respectively). A possible explanation of the high rate of phobia may be related to the nature of clinical disfiguring facial skin rashes which may lead to social withdrawal.


Subject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Neurotic Disorders/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Neurotic Disorders/complications , Phobic Disorders/complications , Phobic Disorders/epidemiology , Prevalence
9.
Compr Psychiatry ; 35(5): 405-8, 1994.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7995034

ABSTRACT

Our objective was to analyze the frequency and quality of visions in a general-population sample compared with those experienced among schizophrenics. A sample group from the general population (n = 862) was compared with a group of schizophrenic patients (n = 19). Significant and qualitative differences were found in visions experienced by schizophrenic patients compared with subjects in the population sample. Women were more likely to experience visions of relatives than were men. The general population most commonly experienced visions of people, whereas schizophrenics were more likely to experience other phenomena. A qualitative difference thus exists in the type of visions experienced by schizophrenics compared with visions experienced by subjects from the general public.


Subject(s)
Hallucinations/diagnosis , Imagination , Visual Perception , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hallucinations/epidemiology , Hallucinations/psychology , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Parapsychology , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Schizophrenic Psychology
10.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol ; 29(3): 119-25, 1994 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8085180

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the 1-month, 6-month and 1-year prevalence rates for mental disorders in a random sample of people born in Iceland in 1931 and interviewed at the age of 55-57 years. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-III, on the basis of the National Institute of Mental Health's Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) used by trained lay interviewers. The period prevalence rates were found to be similar to those obtained by other studies using the DIS as a survey instrument. The highest rates were among the widowed, separated or divorced. The 1-year symptom-free rates were high for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, 74% and 71%, respectively. For depressive disorders, the 1-year symptom-free rate was only 50% and for the anxiety disorders, 50%-65%. The most common psychiatric disorders had a chronic course.


Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/psychology , Cognition Disorders/complications , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Male , Marital Status , Mental Disorders/complications , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Rural Population , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Urban Population
11.
Acta Psychiatr Scand ; 88(1): 29-34, 1993 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8372693

ABSTRACT

The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders was estimated in a study of the prevalence of mental disorders in Iceland. The survey instrument was an Icelandic translation of the US National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The cohort consisted of one half of those born in the year 1931. The participation rate was 79.3%. The overall prevalence of anxiety disorders was 44%, with phobia effecting 18%. The most common anxiety disorder was generalized anxiety, which had a prevalence of 22% and was more common among women. Simple phobia was the most common of the phobic disorders (8.8%), followed by agoraphobia without panic (3.8%), and social phobia (3.5%). The female-male ratio for anxiety disorders was 2:1. Of those with simple phobia, the most common items were a fear of heights (41%); claustrophobia (34%); being on public transportation (31%); the fear of being in crowds and speaking in front of others (28%); of being alone (24%); of insects (22%); of bad weather (21%); and of being in water (aquaphobia) (20%). In addition, 17% of the respondents listed phobias not cited in the DSM-III, and of those with the most common phobic disorder, only 9% had consulted a physician because of this condition. Post-traumatic stress disorder was found to affect women exclusively. Comorbidity shows a mean of at least 3 additional diagnoses.


Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Cohort Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Phobic Disorders/psychology , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
12.
Psychol Rep ; 72(2): 631-41, 1993 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8488242

ABSTRACT

The Mini-Mental State Examination was taken by 862 subjects from the general population, all born in 1931 and 55 to 57 years of age at the time of the study. These responses were analyzed in detail to obtain normative data for the test, and comparisons were made between the members of the group who had lifetime histories of psychiatric disorder and those who did not. Comprehensive comparisons were also made of the geometric diagram included in the test with the aim of finding nonpathological variations within correct geometric drawings. Apart from providing normative data, findings show a difference in the final score for the sexes, depending on whether Serial 7s are chosen or a word is spelled backwards. The men received a higher score on Serial 7s and the women a higher score on spelling a word backwards. A pretest choice is recommended in that the Serial 7s be selected for men, but omitted for women. Both gender differences and a psychiatric diagnosis correlate with the naming of two digits in a MMS subscore category.


Subject(s)
Dementia/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Dementia/psychology , Female , Humans , Iceland , Male , Mental Disorders/psychology , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results
13.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol ; 28(2): 91-5, 1993 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8511669

ABSTRACT

In this study, the largest Nordic study of its kind, investigated psychosexual dysfunction among subjects aged 55-57 years. The cohort included 862 subjects of both sexes and all were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Results showed that 122 subjects had a lifetime diagnosis of psychosexual dysfunction. The lifetime prevalence of psychosexual dysfunction was 14.4%; of inhibited sexual desire, 9.8%; of inhibited sexual excitement, 3.5%; of inhibited orgasm, 2.1%; and of functional dyspareunia, 1.3%. Of the subjects with psychosexual dysfunction, 73% were women. The frequency was highest in those who had never married. Separated subjects had rates intermediate between the married and the never-married. The majority (76%) of affected subjects had only one dysfunction. However, 57% of them had received another psychiatric diagnosis at some time. Subjects with psychosexual dysfunction were less frequently diagnosed as suffering from alcohol abuse and dependence and social phobia than subjects with no psychosexual dysfunction.


Subject(s)
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Incidence , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/diagnosis , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/psychology
14.
Scand J Rheumatol ; 22(1): 10-3, 1993.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8434240

ABSTRACT

This population study includes the majority of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Iceland (n = 65). The study lists various self-rated pain descriptions both from a 54-item pain questionnaire and from the somatisation section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Results show SLE patients to have significantly more joint and chest pain than does another patient group; to use analgesics more frequently; to have been in hospital more often during the past 10 years and to believe they know the reason for their pain. Also listed are factors that patients have found to increase and decrease SLE pain.


Subject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology , Pain/etiology , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/psychology , Middle Aged , Pain/classification , Pain Measurement/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires
15.
Acta Psychiatr Scand ; 84(2): 142-9, 1991 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1950608

ABSTRACT

The lifetime prevalence rates are presented for mental disorders in a random sample of people born in Iceland in 1931, interviewed at the age of 55-57 years. The diagnoses are made according to DSM-III, on the basis of the National Institute of Mental Health's diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS) used by trained lay interviewers. The most common diagnoses were alcohol abuse and dependence, generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, dysthymic disorder and major depressive episode. Disorders more common in men were antisocial personality, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Disorders more common among women were major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder. Alcohol abuse was more prevalent among those living in rural areas, but dependence was more prevalent in the urban area, where panic disorder is also more frequent. Widowed, separated and divorced people had most of the highest prevalences: tobacco-use disorder, alcohol abuse and dependence, dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder. Except for a very high rate of alcohol abuse and dependence and a low rate of substance abuse disorders, the prevalence rates are similar to those obtained in North American studies using the NIMH-DIS as a survey instrument. The DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence may be less applicable to Iceland than to North America, because of differences in what is culturally regarded as acceptable use of alcohol.


Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Incidence , Interview, Psychological , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis , Neurocognitive Disorders/epidemiology , Neurocognitive Disorders/psychology , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
16.
Int J Soc Psychiatry ; 37(4): 233-41, 1991.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1783501

ABSTRACT

The frequency with which symptoms of depression are found among subjects with either a lifetime diagnosis of depression or dysthymia and among subjects with no psychiatric disorders, are analysed. The data is derived from a large study (n = 862) on the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders which was conducted in Iceland. The survey instrument was the NIMH-Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Results from 379 subjects are reported in this study, these subjects have either experienced a Major Depressive Episode (n = 46), dysthymia (n = 32) or have no psychiatric disorder (n = 301). The frequency of symptoms are grouped together in hierarchical tables and displayed and analysed. In the hierarchical groupings of symptoms, males were found to report more grave symptoms of suicide than were females, both in the depression and dysthymic groups. In a comorbidity correlation between these and other disorders, sex differences emerged in the diagnosis of Tobacco Dependence, with women exhibiting higher frequencies of dependence when found in the depressed group.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Iceland/epidemiology , Male , Marriage , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sex Factors , Terminology as Topic
17.
Psychol Rep ; 67(3 Pt 2): 1223-34, 1990 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2150703

ABSTRACT

87 subjects with varying intensities of constant low back pain answered a pain questionnaire which included Graphic Rating Scales and took part in a battery of psychological tests (Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Meta-Contrast Technique, the Separation Test, and the Rod-and-Frame Test). This was done to corroborate the relationship found between subjects with different intensities of pain and their experiences of psychological problems. Comparisons are made between subjects with acute and chronic pain and between past pain experiences and the present level of pain. No statistical significant differences on psychological measures were found between subjects with varying intensities of pain, but differences were found for previous pain experiences. All subjects had significant rates of depression and regression. A difference between acute and chronic pain subjects was noted in that significantly more women had chronic pain than did men.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Back Pain/psychology , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/psychology , Occupational Diseases/psychology , Psychophysiologic Disorders/psychology , Sick Role , Somatoform Disorders/psychology , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement , Personality Tests
18.
Int Disabil Stud ; 12(2): 70-4, 1990.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2254234

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: Factors pertaining to post-surgical rehabilitation were investigated. These included personality, mental, and pain issues. The investigation covered the first year of bypass operations. SUBJECTS: 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABE) operations. INSTRUMENTS: a questionnaire, a personality inventory (MMPI), and a test of mental status (Raven's). The questionnaire was first administered a few days before and then after surgery and then repeated at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: 76% were within normal limits on the Raven while 54% of those tested had significant depression. Both the depressed patients' dates of surgery and their ages were evenly distributed, and no significant differences were found between these and those not tested. Other MMPI results were that 36% scored above normal on the hysteria scale, 27% were quite anxious, and 24% were above average on the schizophrenia scale. The answers to the questionnaire items were relatively stable. In a comparison of the answers of the depressed versus the non-depressed, no significant differences were found. The reason for the depression is not apparent, but it is not considered to be the result of medication or of a greater severity of pain. The depression was not found to have affected the rehabilitation progress.


Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Bypass/psychology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Health Status , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Aged , Coronary Artery Bypass/rehabilitation , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
19.
Clin J Pain ; 5(4): 351-8, 1989 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2535288

ABSTRACT

Respondents with back pain who had answered affirmatively to the question about back pain in a population study were divided into two groups depending on whether they had consulted or had not consulted a physician due to their back pain. There were 17 nonconsulters and 37 consulters. The subjects participated in a stringent physical examination and in the following psychological tests: the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the rod and frame test (RFT), and the metacontrast technique (MCT). They also answered a pain questionnaire. Based on the results, we found that the nonconsulters differed from the consulters on many issues but had nevertheless rated their constant level of pain on two different occasions as being equally severe on a graphic rating scale (GRS). The groups differed as follows: The nonconsulters rated their work to be more stressful; had less frequently a spouse suffering or having suffered from chronic pain; had fewer abnormal pain drawings; woke up less frequently during the night; used sleeping pills less frequently; participated more often in sports; and had a higher frequency of repression on the MCT compared to a group of painless subjects.


Subject(s)
Back Pain/psychology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Adult , Back Pain/therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement , Personality Assessment , Physical Therapy Modalities , Sex Factors , Sports , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden
20.
Percept Mot Skills ; 67(3): 835-45, 1988 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2976155

ABSTRACT

Two groups of subjects with back pain were studied (n = 67). All subjects underwent a battery of psychological tests which included a test of psychological differentiation (the Rod-and-Frame Test), a test of psychological defenses (Meta-contrast Technique), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. In addition, the subjects drew a pain picture and answered a questionnaire on pain-related issues. Each group of subjects was then subdivided into 4 groups depending on the judged abnormality of their pain drawings. The two main groups were compared overall and the subgroups of the two back-pain groups compared with each other. The Meta-contrast Technique results show that depression was quite common among back-pain subjects as a whole compared to a painless group of subjects. Differences were found on field-dependence; subjects with abnormal pain drawings were more field-dependent than those with "normal" pain drawings. Few other between-group statistical differences were noted between the two back-pain groups. Expected scores on hysteria were not noted among the abnormal drawing makers, neither were there differences between the groups on the items of pain duration, physical functionings, or of depression.


Subject(s)
Back Pain/diagnosis , Field Dependence-Independence , Adult , Back Pain/complications , Back Pain/psychology , Conversion Disorder/complications , Depression/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory , Personality Tests
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