Evaluation of dietary lignin on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations, gut morphometry, and lipid oxidation.

Two trials were performed in order to evaluate the effects of dietary Kraft lignin inclusion on broiler performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profile, intestinal morphometry, and lipid oxidation of meat. Trial 1 was conducted in order to evaluate performance and ileal digestibility for the period of 1 to 21 d of age, randomly distributing 490 day-old broiler chicks across 5 dietary treatments with 14 replicates containing 7 birds each in metabolic cages, while trial 2 was executed in order to evaluate performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass yield and abdominal fat, and lipid oxidation for the period of 1 to 42 d of age, randomly distributing 900 day-old broiler chicks across 5 dietary treatments with 15 replicates of 12 birds each in floor pens, being each bird in trial 2 challenged with coccidiosis vaccine at 10 d of age. The treatments used in both trials were: positive control (PC): basal diet + antimicrobial; negative control (NC): Basal diet; NC1: NC + 1% lignin; NC2: NC + 2% lignin; NC3: NC + 3% lignin. For trial 1, it was observed that birds fed diets containing 1% lignin had a significant positive effect for BW, feed intake (FI), average daily weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion rate (FCR), similar to the PC, but also showing better EE, CP and AAs ileal digestibility percentages when compared to other treatments. For trial 2, it was observed that during the period of 21 to 35 d, the inclusion of lignin in the diet provided better results in animal performance, similar to the PC group, but at 42 d, animals fed with dietary lignin showed results lower than animals fed the PC diet (P < 0.05). Animals fed with increasing lignin concentrations showed decreasing levels of HDL (P < 0.05). As of intestinal morphometry, animals fed with 1% and 3% lignin showed longer intestinal length (P < 0.05). At 14 d of age, it was observed that animals fed with lignin showed oxidation levels similar to the control treatments. The inclusion of up to 1% lignin in the diet provides beneficial effects on productive performance and nutrient digestibility, while the inclusion of 2% lignin provided lower cholesterol levels, lower villus/crypt ratio, and better internal organ development, therefore, it can be considered an alternative to performance-enhancing antimicrobials in broiler chicken diets.

Influence of Dietary Phytase Inclusion Rates on Yolk Inositol Concentration, Hatchability, Chick Quality, and Early Growth Performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary phytase in breeder hens on yolk nutrients, hatchability, chick quality, and growth rate of their progeny, and their subsequent performance to 42 d post-hatch when fed diets with the same phytase concentrations. Breeder hens (n = 216) were divided into 3 groups receiving nutrient-adequate diets with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with either 500, 1500, or 4500 FTU/kg phytase from 27 to 50 weeks of age. Eggs were collected at 38 weeks of age and incubated. On the day of hatch, the chick quality and hatchability were determined, and 18 chicks/group were euthanized for yolk sac collection and the determination of inositol and glycerol concentrations. The remaining chicks were divided into three groups, receiving different diets with reduced Ca and P (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with 0, 500, or 1500 FTU/kg phytase to 42 d post-hatch. Increasing the phytase concentration in the breeder hen diet linearly (p < 0.05) increased the number of early embryo deaths and decreased the number of late deaths and pips. The inositol concentration in the yolk sac at day of hatch increased (quadratic; p < 0.05) as the phytase dose increased in the breeder hen diet. The breeder hen diet (p < 0.05) influenced the body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) up to 21 days of age. The supplementation of breeder hen diets with 1500 FTU/kg phytase increased the concentration of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the yolk sac. The inclusion of phytase doses up to 4500 FTU/kg appeared to influence embryo mortality, chick feed intake, and BW gain to 21 days and the FCR throughout the entire production phase.

Biofilm formation and antimicrobial sensitivity of lactobacilli contaminants from sugarcane-based fuel ethanol fermentation.

Industrial ethanol fermentation is subject to bacterial contamination that causes significant economic losses in ethanol fuel plants. Chronic contamination has been associated with biofilms that are normally more resistant to antimicrobials and cleaning efforts than planktonic cells. In this study, contaminant species of Lactobacillus isolated from biofilms (source of sessile cells) and wine (source of planktonic cells) from industrial and pilot-scale fermentations were compared regarding their ability to form biofilms and their sensitivity to different antimicrobials. Fifty lactobacilli were isolated and the most abundant species were Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum. The majority of the isolates (87.8%) were able to produce biofilms in pure culture. The capability to form biofilms and sensitivity to virginiamycin, monensin and beta-acids from hops, showed inter- and intra-specific variability. In the pilot-scale fermentation, Lactobacillus brevis, L. casei and the majority of L. plantarum isolates were less sensitive to beta-acids than their counterparts from wine; L. brevis isolates from biofilms were also less sensitive to monensin when compared to the wine isolates. Biofilm formation and sensitivity to beta-acids showed a positive and negative correlation for L. casei and L. plantarum, respectively.

Prefabricated composite resin veneers: a clinical case report / Facetas pré-fabricadas em resina composta: relato de caso

The authors present a complete clinical case report of functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of the smile harmony of a 23-year-old male patient through periodontal plastic surgery, tooth bleaching and prefabricated composite resin veneers, emphasizing the advantages, limitations and patient's perceptions about the treatment. After clinical and radiographic evaluations, extra and intra-oral photographs were taken, plaster study models were obtained, digital smile design and diagnostic wax-up were performed. The patient accepted and authorized the proposed dental procedures. The treatment proved to be effective, being a practical and safe approach, with aesthetic recovery of the smile harmony and patient satisfaction. (AU)

Os autores apresentam um caso clínico completo envolvendo reabilitação funcional e estética da harmonia do sorriso de um paciente de 23 anos de idade através da associação de plastia gengival, clareamento dental e facetas pré-fabricadas de resina composta, ressaltando vantagens, limitações e a percepção do paciente. Após análise clínica, radiográfica, realizouse fotos intra/extra orais, obteve-se modelos de estudo em gesso e foram realizados o planejamento digital do sorriso e enceramento diagnóstico. Os procedimentos propostos foram aceitos e autorizados pelo paciente antes da sua realização. O tratamento realizado mostrou-se efetivo como uma alternativa prática e segura, com restabelecimento estético e satisfação do paciente.(AU)

Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry

ABSTRACT In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. However, building a bridge between science and industry requires investments in research, development and transfer of new technologies to the industry as well as specialized personnel to deal with new technological challenges.

Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry

In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. However, building a bridge between science and industry requires investments in research, development and transfer of new technologies to the industry as well as specialized personnel to deal with new technological challenges.(AU)

Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry.

In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. However, building a bridge between science and industry requires investments in research, development and transfer of new technologies to the industry as well as specialized personnel to deal with new technological challenges.

Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry

ABSTRACT In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. However, building a bridge between science and industry requires investments in research, development and transfer of new technologies to the industry as well as specialized personnel to deal with new technological challenges.

Homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli differently affect sugarcane-based fuel ethanol fermentation.

Bacterial contamination during industrial yeast fermentation has serious economic consequences for fuel ethanol producers. In addition to deviating carbon away from ethanol formation, bacterial cells and their metabolites often have a detrimental effect on yeast fermentative performance. The bacterial contaminants are commonly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), comprising both homo- and heterofermentative strains. We have studied the effects of these two different types of bacteria upon yeast fermentative performance, particularly in connection with sugarcane-based fuel ethanol fermentation process. Homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum was found to be more detrimental to an industrial yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1), when compared with heterofermentative Lactobacillus fermentum, in terms of reduced yeast viability and ethanol formation, presumably due to the higher titres of lactic acid in the growth medium. These effects were only noticed when bacteria and yeast were inoculated in equal cell numbers. However, when simulating industrial fuel ethanol conditions, as conducted in Brazil where high yeast cell densities and short fermentation time prevail, the heterofermentative strain was more deleterious than the homofermentative type, causing lower ethanol yield and out competing yeast cells during cell recycle. Yeast overproduction of glycerol was noticed only in the presence of the heterofermentative bacterium. Since the heterofermentative bacterium was shown to be more deleterious to yeast cells than the homofermentative strain, we believe our findings could stimulate the search for more strain-specific antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial contaminations during industrial ethanol fermentation.

Transcriptional profiling of Brazilian Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains selected for semi-continuous fermentation of sugarcane must.

Brazil played a pioneering role in the global establishment of the sugarcane bioethanol industry. The bioethanol fermentation process currently used in Brazil is unique due to the acid wash and recycling of yeast cells. Two, industrially adopted, wild yeast strains, CAT-1 and PE-2, have become the most widely used in Brazil. How these strains respond to the unique fermentation process is poorly understood. The improved performance of CAT-1 and PE-2 is hypothesised to be related to enhanced stress tolerance. This study presents a genome-wide analysis of the CAT-1 and PE-2 transcriptomes during a small-scale fermentation process that mimicked the industrial conditions. The common and unique transcriptional responses of the two strains to the Brazilian fermentation process were identified. Environmental stress response genes were up-regulated postfermenter feeding, demonstrating the impact of the prior acid wash and high glucose environment. Cell wall and oxidative stress tolerance were subsequently demonstrated to be enhanced for the industrial strains. Conversely, numerous genes involved in protein synthesis were down-regulated at the end of fermentation revealing the later impact of ethanol-induced stress. Subsequently, the industrial strains demonstrated a greater tolerance of ethanol and the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homoeostasis. This increased ethanol tolerance was finally correlated with an increased unfolded protein response and increased HAC1 splicing.

Resistência ao cisalhamento e padrão de condicionamento de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes em esmalte intacto e preparado / Shear bond strength and etching pattern of self-etching bonding agents on ground and intact enamel

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of four self-etching adhesive systems on intact and ground enamel, and also to evaluate the morphology of the enamel surface after etching.Methods: A total of 100 bovine central lower incisors were randomly divided into five groups: Single Bond (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), Adper Prompt L Pop (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray America, USA), One-up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan) and AdheSE (Ivoclar/Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Each group was subdivided (n=10), according to the surface preparation (intact or ground enamel). For intact enamel, the teeth were pumiced and ground enamel surfaces were obtained with wet 320-grit SiC paper. A circular (4mm) bonding area was demarcated and resin rods (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) were built (5mm) for the shear test, followed by failure mode analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy. In addition, 12 teeth were prepared for the evaluation of the etching pattern by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey?s test (p<0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed between the Shear bond strength values for the adhesive systems (p<0.001). No differences were found between the two substrates (p=0.598) nor any interaction between the adhesive systems versus substrate (p=0.404). The etching patterns were generally observed as mild when compared to phosphoric acid, except for Adper Prompt L Pop (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), which was similar to phosphoric acid. Conclusion: Shear bond strength was not influenced by the type of substrate (intact or ground enamel), and no correlation was observed between the Shear bond strength values and the etching pattern of the self-etching adhesives studied.

Objetivo: Avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento e o padrão de condicionamento de quatro sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes em esmalte intacto e preparado. Métodos: Cem incisivos centrais inferiores bovinos foram aleatoriamente divididos em cinco grupos: Single Bond (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), Adper Prompt L Pop (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray America, USA), One-up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp., Shibuya-ku, Tokio, Japan) e AdheSE (Ivoclar/Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Cada grupo foi subdividido (n=10) de acordo com o tipo de superfície. Os dentes com esmalte intacto foram limpos com pasta de pedra pommes/água e os com esmalte preparado tiveram a superfície do esmalte desgastada com lixas d?água (n.320). Uma área circular (4mm) foi demarcada para adesão e os cilindros de resina (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) foram confeccionados (5mm). Após o ensaio resistência ao cisalhamento, foi realizada a avaliação do modo de fratura. Doze dentes foram preparados para avaliação do padrão de condicionamento em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada através do teste ANOVA para 2 fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: Diferenças estatisticamente significante foram observadas para a resistência ao cisalhamento entre os sistemas adesivos (p<0.001). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os substratos (p=0.598) ou ainda interações entre o sistema adesivo versus o substrato (p=0.404). Os padrões de condicionamento observados foram classificados em leve em relação ao padrão após o condicionamento com o ácido fosfórico, com exceção do padrão observado para o adesivo Adper Prompt L Pop (3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA). Conclusão: A resistência ao cisalhamento não foi influenciada pelo tipo de substrato, e, nenhuma correlação entre os valores de resistência ao cisalhamento e padrão de condicionamento dos adesivos autocondicionantes estudados foi observado.

Scientific challenges of bioethanol production in Brazil.

Bioethanol (fuel alcohol) has been produced by industrial alcoholic fermentation processes in Brazil since the beginning of the twentieth century. Currently, 432 mills and distilleries crush about 625 million tons of sugarcane per crop, producing about 27 billion liters of ethanol and 38.7 million tons of sugar. The production of bioethanol from sugarcane represents a major large-scale technology capable of producing biofuel efficiently and economically, providing viable substitutes to gasoline. The combination of immobilization of CO2 by sugarcane crops by photosynthesis into biomass together with alcoholic fermentation of this biomass has allowed production of a clean and high-quality liquid fuel that contains 93% of the original energy found in sugar. Over the last 30 years, several innovations have been introduced to Brazilian alcohol distilleries resulting in the improvement of plant efficiency and economic competitiveness. Currently, the main scientific challenges are to develop new technologies for bioethanol production from first and second generation feedstocks that exhibit positive energy balances and appropriately meet environmental sustainability criteria. This review focuses on these aspects and provides special emphasis on the selection of new yeast strains, genetic breeding, and recombinant DNA technology, as applied to bioethanol production processes.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with acid or alkali

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of acid or alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse for the production of fermentable sugars. The first step consisted of selection of commercial enzymes presenting the highest cellulolytic activities. After selection of four enzymes: HPL, CL, P1 and P4, their performances were tested in the bagasse pretreated with acid and alkali. The sugar content of the hydrolysates was analyzed by anion exchange liquid chromatography. Data showed that the joint action of 0.5 percent acid pretreatment, 121ºC, 30 minutes and enzyme CL provides the best results, 67.25 g of hexose and 148.13g of pentose per kg of dry bagasse.

Produção de tomateiro, híbrido momotaro, em função do estádio das mudas e da enxertia / Production of tomato, momotaro hibrid according to seedling stage and grafting

O trabalho foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, UNESP-Fazenda Experimental São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas -Botucatu no município de São Manuel-SP no solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo fase arenosa. Determinou-se o estádio de desenvolvimento da muda para o transplante, com cinco a seis folhas definitivas, em estádio de plena floração e em início da frutificação. O tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), híbrido Momotaro T-93, foi cultivado sobre dois porta-enxertos, os híbridos Anchor T e Kaguemusha e em pé franco. Avaliou-se área foliar, comprimento e massa seca das mudas no momento do transplante; número de folhas total/planta; massa fresca e seca das folhas abaixo do terceiro cacho floral e classificação dos frutos em diâmetro e produção total até o 8º cacho. Conclui-se que o estádio de desenvolvimento de mudas de pé franco, transplantadas com 5 a 6 folhas definitivas, é o que apresenta as maiores médias para produção e diâmetro médio de frutos. Para mudas enxertadas, o estádio de cinco a seis folhas definitivas até plena floração, não houve diferença na produtividade e qualidade final, sendo os melhores desempenhos obtidos pelo porta-enxerto Anchor T.

This work was carried out in a protected environment at Sa Paulo State University (UNESP) São Manuel Experimental Farm, College of Agronomical Sciences, São Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The local soil was red-yellow sandy-phase latosol. The following development stages for transplanting were evaluated: seedlings presenting 5 to 6 definitive leaves, in full flowering and beginning of fruiting. Momotaro T-93 hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown on two rootstocks, the hybrids Anchor T and Kaguemusha, and in non-grafted ones. Evaluations included leaf area, seedling length, seedling dry matter at the moment of the transplant, total number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry matter of leaves below the third inflorescence, fruit classification according to diameter, and total fruit production until the eighth bunch. Non-grafted plants transplanted when they presented 5 to 6 definitive leaves had the highest mean fruit production and diameter. As regards grafted plants, no difference was detected concerning productivity and final quality when seedlings were in the stages from 5 to 6 definitive leaves until full flowering, and the rootstock Anchor T presented the best development.

Políticas de saúde pública: interação dos atores sociais / Public health policies: interaction of social actors

O livro analisa a legislação que explicita o modus operandi do SUS, estabelece a operacionalidade dos meios para o atendimento eficaz da parcela mais pobre da população e explicita os critérios que possibilitam uma boa e pessoal interação entre o médico e o doente.

Yeast selection for fuel ethanol production in Brazil.

Brazil is one of the largest ethanol biofuel producers and exporters in the world and its production has increased steadily during the last three decades. The increasing efficiency of Brazilian ethanol plants has been evident due to the many technological contributions. As far as yeast is concerned, few publications are available regarding the industrial fermentation processes in Brazil. The present paper reports on a yeast selection program performed during the last 12 years aimed at selecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains suitable for fermentation of sugar cane substrates (cane juice and molasses) with cell recycle, as it is conducted in Brazilian bioethanol plants. As a result, some evidence is presented showing the positive impact of selected yeast strains in increasing ethanol yield and reducing production costs, due to their higher fermentation performance (high ethanol yield, reduced glycerol and foam formation, maintenance of high viability during recycling and very high implantation capability into industrial fermenters). Results also suggest that the great yeast biodiversity found in distillery environments could be an important source of strains. This is because during yeast cell recycling, selective pressure (an adaptive evolution) is imposed on cells, leading to strains with higher tolerance to the stressful conditions of the industrial fermentation.

Análise comparativa entre suturas convencionais e adesivos à base de 2-octilcianoacrilato: revisão de literatura / Comparative analysis of conventional sutures and 2-octyl-cyanoacrilate adhesives: a review of the literature

O 2-octil-cianoacrilato tem sido utilizado em diversos campos das especialidades cirúrgicas como adesivo no fechamento de retalhos gengivais e em lacerações mucosas e cutâneas, capeamento pulpar em restaurações dentárias com sucesso e aceitabilidade, além de apresentar uma ótima resposta imunológica. O Nylon, dentre os fios de sutura convencionais, é o que apresenta melhor resposta biológica, cicatricial e capacidade de coaptação de bordos de uma ferida incisa. Tendo em vista as necessidades estéticas, o cianoacrilato tem sido aplicado com resultados satisfatórios, quando comparado às suturas com o fio de Nylon, pois apresenta melhor capacidade de coaptação dos bordos de uma lesão de pele, menor cicatriz residual e biocompatibilidade, estando limitado, pois, a zonas de baixa tensão tecidual. Frente a estas considerações, este trabalho detém-se em desenvolver um estudo comparativo entre o 2-octil-cianoacrilato e o fio de sutura de Nylon, haja vista as peculiaridades, nível de cicatrização, baixa zona de tensão tecidual e estética.

Análise morfométrica de tecido muscular de coelhos submetidos a ultra-som pulsado e contínuo de 1 MHzI / Morphometric analysis of rabbit muscle tissues submitted to pulse and continuous 1 MHz ultrasound

Visando estabelecer uma relação entre os efeitos do ultra-som e a variação da área da célula muscular, este estudo analisou os efeitos do ultrsom (US) de 1 M Hz, pulsando e contínuo, ultilizado com a intensidade máxima de 3 W/cm2, em tecido muscular sadio do músculo vasto lateral de coelhos.

In order to seek a relation between applied ultrasound (US) de 1 MHz, in pulsed and continous mode, at he maximum intensity of 3 W/cm2, in health muscle tisue of adult male rabbits...

Biofeedback EMG como coadjuvante no tratamento de pé-equino decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico: relato de caso / Biofeedback EMG as supporting in the treatment for the “equine feet” resulting from encephalitic vascular accident: case study

O Acidente Vascular Encefálico é considerado uma patologia de alta incidência, e, por isso, desperta o interesse dos profissionais da saúde que buscam métodos terapêuticos para proporcionar maior independência e uma melhor qualidade de vida aos portadores de seqüelas neurológicas. Um dos exemplos dos recursos utilizados para estimular e facilitar a reabilitação é o Biofeedback Eletromiográfico (EMG), sendo um instrumento eletrônico, que fornece informações (feedback) sobre a função motora realizada ou resposta fisiológica do músculo; tornando consciente estes eventos fisiológicos, permitindo ao indivíduo modular esta resposta. Através de tentativa de erro e acerto é considerado um complemento à conduta fisioterapêutica. Em função da utilização do Biofeedback EMG, a neuroplasticidade será estimulada e facilitada. O presente estudo de caso relata o tratamento de um paciente com seis meses de evolução após último AVE à esquerda, portador de pé eqüino, em tratamento fisioterapêutico há 18 meses, submetido a dez sessões de treino por Biofeedback EMG, como complemento à terapia cinesioterapêutica, objetivando, principalmente, a melhora da marcha, através de um melhor controle motor do músculo tibial anterior. Com base nos resultados da avaliação inicial e final, observou-se que a junção da cinesioterapia com o Biofeedback EMG, teve como conseqüência a melhora da velocidade de marcha, cadência da marcha, simetria, tempo e comprimento das passadas; melhora da amplitude de movimento, resultantes da melhora do controle motor, conseguida através do treino constante e da capacidade de adaptação do sistema nervoso, mostrando assim, a importância do Biofeedback EMG, como um facilitador para um maior sucesso da terapia

Reconstruçäo tridimensional dinâmica do coraçäo através da ecocardiografia transesofágica / Dynamic three-dimensional reconstruction of the hearth by transesophageal echocardiography

Objective - To evaluate echocardiography accuracy in performing and obtaining for dynamical three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Methods - Three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction was obtained in 20 consecutive patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography. A multiplanar 5 Mhz-transducer was used 3D reconstruction. Results - Twenty patients were studied consecutively. The following cardiac diseases were present: valvar prostheses - 6(2 mitral, 2 aortic and 2 mitral and aortic); mitral valve prolapse - 3; mitral and aortic disease - 2; aortic valve disease - 5; congenital heart disease - 3 (2 atrial septal defect - ASD-and 1 transposition of the great arteries - TGA); arteriovenous fistula - 1. In 7 patients, color Doppler was also obtained and used for 3D flow reconstruction. Twenty five cardiac structures were acquired and 60 reconstructions generated (28 of mitral valves, 14 of aortic valves, 4 of mitral prostheses, 7 of aortic prostheses and 7 of the ASD). Fifty five of 60 (91.6 per cent) reconstructions were considered of good quality by 2 independent observers. The 11 reconstructed mitral valves/prostheses and the 2 reconstructed ASDs provided more anatomical information than two dimensional echocardiography (2DE) alone. Conclusion - 3D echocardiography using a transesophageal transducer is a feasible technique, which improves detection of anatomical details of cardiac structures, particulary of the mitral valve and atrial septum.