Preservativos en población sexual activa / Condoms in sexually active population

Objetivo: Describir el uso de preservativos en población sexual activa. Método: Descriptivo documental con análisis bibliográfico de 15 documentos relacionados al tema, los cuales fueron tomados de la base de datos PubMed. Resultados: Es posible considerar que tener una vida sexual activa sea incorrecto, pero solo un mínimo de participantes siempre ha utilizado preservativos a lo largo de su vida por lo cual se considera que esta muestra de población no lleva una vida sexual responsable, pero hay que tomar en cuenta también que usan otros métodos anticonceptivos. Conclusión: La sociedad ha ido disminuyendo los estigmas de la adquisición de preservativos, pero también se recalca que cierta parte de la muestra manifestó que aún se sentían juzgados por su familia o por la persona que comercializa preservativos.

Objective: To describe the use of condoms in the sexually active population. Method: Descriptive documentary with bibliographic analysis of 15 documents related to the subject, which were taken from the PubMed database. Results: It is possible to consider that having an active sexual life is incorrect, but only a minimum of participants have always used condoms throughout their lives, so it is considered that this sample of the population does not lead a responsible sexual life, but it should also be taken into account that they use other contraceptive methods. Conclusion: Society has been decreasing the stigmas of acquiring condoms, but it is also emphasized that a certain part of the sample stated that they still felt judged by their family or by the person who markets condoms. Descriptors: contraceptive agents; contraceptive agents, female; contraceptive agents, male

Zenker's peroral endoscopic myotomy, or flexible or rigid septotomy for Zenker's diverticulum: a multicenter retrospective comparison.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of Zenker's diverticulum has evolved from open surgery to endoscopic techniques, including flexible and rigid endoscopic septotomy, and more recently, peroral endoscopic myotomy (Z-POEM). This study compared the effectiveness of flexible and rigid endoscopic septotomy with that of Z-POEM. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic septotomy (flexible/rigid) or Z-POEM for Zenker's diverticulum between 1/2016 and 9/2019 were included. Primary outcomes were clinical success (decrease in Dakkak and Bennett dysphagia score to ≤ 1), clinical failure, and clinical recurrence. Secondary outcomes included technical success and rate/severity of adverse events. RESULTS: 245 patients (110 females, mean age 72.63 years, standard deviation [SD] 12.37 years) from 12 centers were included. Z-POEM was the most common management modality (n = 119), followed by flexible (n = 86) and rigid (n = 40) endoscopic septotomy. Clinical success was 92.7 % for Z-POEM, 89.2 % for rigid septotomy, and 86.7 % for flexible septotomy (P = 0.26). Symptoms recurred in 24 patients (15 Z-POEM during a mean follow-up of 282.04 [SD 300.48] days, 6 flexible, 3 rigid [P = 0.47]). Adverse events occurred in 30.0 % rigid septotomy patients, 16.8 % Z-POEM patients, and 2.3 % flexible septotomy patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in outcomes between the three treatment approaches for symptomatic Zenker's diverticulum. Rigid endoscopic septotomy was associated with the highest rate of complications, while flexible endoscopic septotomy appeared to be the safest. Recurrence following Z-POEM was similar to flexible and rigid endoscopic septotomy. Prospective studies with long-term follow-up are required.

Incidence of low birth weight in Mexico: A descriptive retrospective study from 2008-2017.

According to the WHO, low birth weight (LBW) affects 15-20% of newborns worldwide. In Mexico, there are no national, state, nor municipal estimates that inform the country's situation over time. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of LBW at the national, state, and municipal levels from 2008 to 2017, and to estimate the LBW incidence based on maternal sociodemographic characteristics, prenatal care and marginalization indexes at the national level using open national data. We used spatial data analysis to georeferenced LBW incidence at the three levels of geographical disaggregation studied. At the national level, the incidence of LBW increased progressively from 6.2% (2008) to 7.1% (2017), and the country's capital represented the area with the highest incidence. Southeastern and central states reported the highest LBW regional incidence. At the municipal level, the number of municipalities with an incidence of LBW ≥8% increased in both male and female newborns. The incidence of LBW was higher as the marginalization indexes increases. The results from this study may assist in the identification of vulnerable groups and the development of public health programs and policies with an intersectoral approach that improves maternal and child nutrition.

Transoral outlet reduction: could additional sutures cause more harm?

BACKGROUND: The double purse-string pattern (DPSP) of transoral outlet reduction (TORe) should conceivably result in a more robust scaffolding for the gastrojejunal anastomosis (GJA). However, there is a paucity of literature pertaining to post-TORe stenosis as an adverse event. Our aim was to determine the rate of stenosis, its potential predictors, and other complications of DPSP TORe. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of 129 consecutive patients who underwent DPSP TORe between December 2015 and August 2019. RESULTS: The adverse event rate of TORe was 17.1 % (n = 22), with a 13.3 % (n = 17) rate of stenosis. Stenosis was not significantly associated with any baseline characteristics. GJA diameter pre- and post-TORe, the difference between these values, and procedure duration were not predictive of stenosis. Of patients who developed stenosis, 10 (58.8 %) responded to endoscopic balloon dilation and 7 (41.2 %) required stent placement. CONCLUSION: As the DPSP technique is a challenging procedure, with high complication rate and limited benefit, it should not be used for TORe.

Contaminación enteroparasitaria de intercomunicadores en edificios de Barquisimeto y Cabudare, Venezuela / Enteroparites contamination of intercoms in buildings of Barquisimeto and Cabudare, Venezuela

Resumen Introducción. La falta de estudios en intercomunicadores como medios de propagación de enteroparásitos en Venezuela, motivó el presente estudio. Metodología. Se frotó el intercomunicador tres veces con un hisopo impregnado con solución salina 0,85% (SSI), resuspendiéndolo en un tubo con 10 ml de SSI, el cual se centrifugó a 3000 rpm por 10 minutos para luego observar el sedimente al microscopio. Resultados. El 65% de las muestras estuvieron contaminadas, encontrando 10 taxones de enteroparásitos, a saber: Blastocystis sp (49% del total de muestras examinadas), Endolimax nana (36%), lodamoeba butschlii (8%), Giardia lamblia (7%), Entamoeba coli (4%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Trichuris trichiura (2%), Hymenolepis nana (2%) y Taenia sp (1%). Discusión. La diversidad de parásitos encontrados y su abundancia, se corresponden con lo reportado en poblaciones de la misma zona. Conclusión. La falta de higiene en la mayoría de los intercomunicadores facilitan el potencial de estos para transmitir los parásitos endémicos del estado Lara.

Abstract Introduction. The lack of studies in intercoms as means of propagation of enteroparasites in Venezuela, motivated the present study. Methodology. The intercom was rubbed three times with a swab impregnated with 0.85% saline solution (SSI), resuspending it in a tube with 10 ml of SSI, which was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to then observe the pellet under a microscope. Results. 65% of the samples were contaminated, finding 10 taxa of enteroparasites, namely: Blastocystis sp (49% of the samples examined), Endolimax nana (36%), Iodamoeba butschlii (8%), Giardia lamblia (7%), Entamoeba coli (4%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Trichuris trichiura (2%), Hymenolepis nana (2%) and Taenia sp (1%). Discussion. The diversity of parasites found and their abundance correspond to that reported in populations of the same area. Conclusion. The lack of hygiene of most of the intercoms facilitates the potential of these to transmit the endemic parasites of the Lara State.

Proportional loss of parvalbumin-immunoreactive synaptic boutons and granule cells from the hippocampus of sea lions with temporal lobe epilepsy.

One in 26 people develop epilepsy and in these temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is common. Many patients display a pattern of neuron loss called hippocampal sclerosis. Seizures usually start in the hippocampus but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One possibility is insufficient inhibition of dentate granule cells. Normally parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV) interneurons strongly inhibit granule cells. Humans with TLE display loss of PV interneurons in the dentate gyrus but questions persist. To address this, we evaluated PV interneuron and bouton numbers in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) that naturally develop TLE after exposure to domoic acid, a neurotoxin that enters the marine food chain during harmful algal blooms. Sclerotic hippocampi were identified by the loss of Nissl-stained hilar neurons. Stereological methods were used to estimate the number of granule cells and PV interneurons per dentate gyrus. Sclerotic hippocampi contained fewer granule cells, fewer PV interneurons, and fewer PV synaptic boutons, and the ratio of granule cells to PV interneurons was higher than in controls. To test whether fewer boutons was attributable to loss versus reduced immunoreactivity, expression of synaptotagmin-2 (syt2) was evaluated. Syt2 is also expressed in boutons of PV interneurons. Sclerotic hippocampi displayed proportional losses of syt2-immunoreactive boutons, PV boutons, and granule cells. There was no significant difference in the average numbers of PV- or syt2-positive boutons per granule cell between control and sclerotic hippocampi. These findings do not address functionality of surviving synapses but suggest reduced granule cell inhibition in TLE is not attributable to anatomical loss of PV boutons.

Re-mediatizar la memoria social para aprender de la experiencia y construir futuro: perspectivas de agentes psicoeducativos sobre violencias en escuelas / Re-mediating the social memory for learning from the experience and building the future: perspectives of psycho-educational agents about violences at school

El trabajo presenta grupos de historización e intervención estratégica, construídos a partir de narrativas de agentes psicoeducativos sobre su práctica profesional con situaciones de violencias en escuelas. El objetivo es identificar estructuras de interacciones entre sujetos, problemas y prácticas en figuras de intervención, y analizar los sistemas representacionales que orientan la reflexión sobre la historia de la actividad, capitalizando experiencias colectivas en intervenciones estratégicas. Categorías de la Teoría de la Actividad fundamentan la conceptualización. Se administró el Cuestionario sobre Situaciones-Problema de Violencia en Escuelas a 130 agentes y se aplicó al análisis de datos la Matriz de Profesionalización Psicoeducativa. El análisis factorial evidencia confiabilidad de instrumentos de recolección de datos e identifica sistemas representacionales de figuras y grupos. Se hallan fracturas de la memoria social y desafíos para la intervención estratégica, con significativas diferencias entre los cuatro grupos construídos. Se abren líneas de indagación sobre “aprendizaje expansivo” en contextos educativos.

Re-mediatizar la memoria social para aprender de la experiencia y construir futuro: perspectivas de agentes psicoeducativos sobre violencias en escuelas / Re-mediating the social memory for learning from the experience and building the future: perspectives of psycho-educational agents about violences at school

El trabajo presenta grupos de historización e intervención estratégica, construídos a partir de narrativas de agentes psicoeducativos sobre su práctica profesional con situaciones de violencias en escuelas. El objetivo es identificar estructuras de interacciones entre sujetos, problemas y prácticas en figuras de intervención, y analizar los sistemas representacionales que orientan la reflexión sobre la historia de la actividad, capitalizando experiencias colectivas en intervenciones estratégicas. Categorías de la Teoría de la Actividad fundamentan la conceptualización. Se administró el Cuestionario sobre Situaciones-Problema de Violencia en Escuelas a 130 agentes y se aplicó al análisis de datos la Matriz de Profesionalización Psicoeducativa. El análisis factorial evidencia confiabilidad de instrumentos de recolección de datos e identifica sistemas representacionales de figuras y grupos. Se hallan fracturas de la memoria social y desafíos para la intervención estratégica, con significativas diferencias entre los cuatro grupos construídos. Se abren líneas de indagación sobre ôaprendizaje expansivoö en contextos educativos.(AU)

Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante en 18 especies vegetales a través del ensayo DPPH recolectadas en el departamento de Matagalpa durante el periodo marzo-agosto 2013 / Evaluation of antioxidant activity in 18 plant species through the DPPH trial collected in the department of Matagalpa during the period March-August 2013

El presente estudio trata de evaluar la actividad antioxidante de 18 especies vegetales a través del ensayo DPPH recolectadas en el departamento de Matagalpa, así como, preparar los extractos etanòlicos correspondientes a cada una de las muestras de las plantas, aplicar el ensayo de DPPH, realizar lecturas mediante métodos espectrofotométricos y calcular el porcentaje de inhibición para cada uno de los extractos.

figuras de agentes psicoeducativos abordando problemas de violencias en escuelas: inter-agencias, implicación, historia e intervención estrategica / Figures of psycho-educational agents facing problems of violences at school: inter agencies, involvement, history and strategic intervention

El trabajo presenta figuras de intervención de los modelos mentales situacionales construidas por agentes psicoeducativos que ejercen su práctica profesional abordando problemas de violencias en escuelas. El objetivo es comprender los diferentes enfoques, agencialidades e implicaciones en interacciones entre sujetos y problemas en sistemas de actividad de contextos educativos. Categorías del marco socio-histórico-cultural se interrelacionan con la perspectiva contextualista del cambio cognitivo. Se administró el Cuestionario sobre Situaciones-Problema de Violencia en Escuelas a 114 agentes y para su análisis se aplicó al procesamiento de datos la Matriz Multidimensional de Profesionalización Psicoeducativa. El análisis factorial evidencia confiabilidad de los instrumentos de recolección de datos e identifica sistemas representacionales de cada figura. En la co-construcción estratégica de la intervención y el desarrollo del "aprendizaje por expansión", se hallan fracturas de la memoria social y desafíos para la historización del sistema de actividad distribuidos de manera diferente en las tres figuras.

The work presents the figures of intervention of the situational mental models that are built by psycho-educational agents who develop their professional practice facing violence problems at school .The aim is to understand the different focus, agencies and involvements in interactions between subjects and problems in activity systems of educational contexts. Categories from socio-historical-cultural framework are related to contextualist perspective of cognitive change. The Questionnaire about Problem-Situations of Violence at School was administered to 114 agents and for its analysis it was appl ied the Mult idimensional Matrix of Psycho-Educational Professional Modeling. The factorial analysis demonstrates confiability of instruments of data collection and identifies representational systems of each igure. In the strategic co-construction of intervention and the development of "expansive learning", fractures in the social memory and challenges for the process of recovering the history of activity systems are found, distributed in different ways in the three Figures.

figuras de agentes psicoeducativos abordando problemas de violencias en escuelas: inter-agencias, implicación, historia e intervención estrategica / Figures of psycho-educational agents facing problems of violences at school: inter agencies, involvement, history and strategic intervention

El trabajo presenta figuras de intervención de los modelos mentales situacionales construidas por agentes psicoeducativos que ejercen su práctica profesional abordando problemas de violencias en escuelas. El objetivo es comprender los diferentes enfoques, agencialidades e implicaciones en interacciones entre sujetos y problemas en sistemas de actividad de contextos educativos. Categorías del marco socio-histórico-cultural se interrelacionan con la perspectiva contextualista del cambio cognitivo. Se administró el Cuestionario sobre Situaciones-Problema de Violencia en Escuelas a 114 agentes y para su análisis se aplicó al procesamiento de datos la Matriz Multidimensional de Profesionalización Psicoeducativa. El análisis factorial evidencia confiabilidad de los instrumentos de recolección de datos e identifica sistemas representacionales de cada figura. En la co-construcción estratégica de la intervención y el desarrollo del "aprendizaje por expansión", se hallan fracturas de la memoria social y desafíos para la historización del sistema de actividad distribuidos de manera diferente en las tres figuras.(AU)

The work presents the figures of intervention of the situational mental models that are built by psycho-educational agents who develop their professional practice facing violence problems at school .The aim is to understand the different focus, agencies and involvements in interactions between subjects and problems in activity systems of educational contexts. Categories from socio-historical-cultural framework are related to contextualist perspective of cognitive change. The Questionnaire about Problem-Situations of Violence at School was administered to 114 agents and for its analysis it was appl ied the Mult idimensional Matrix of Psycho-Educational Professional Modeling. The factorial analysis demonstrates confiability of instruments of data collection and identifies representational systems of each igure. In the strategic co-construction of intervention and the development of "expansive learning", fractures in the social memory and challenges for the process of recovering the history of activity systems are found, distributed in different ways in the three Figures.(AU)

Violencias en escuelas desde la perspectiva de los actores: un desafío para la Psicología Educacional / Violences at schools from actors perspective: a challenge for Educational Psychology

Se analizan modelos mentales de situaciones de violencias en instituciones escolares que construyen agentes psicoeducativos, en la reelaboración de su experiencia en escuelas primarias, secundarias, de rama especial y organizaciones sociales conexas, de Buenos Aires y La Plata. Se administraron Cuestionarios sobre Situaciones-Problema de Violencias en Escuelas a sesenta agentes psicoeducativos y se aplicó al análisis de datos la Matriz de Análisis Multidimensional con Ejes e Indicadores de Profesionalización. Categorías del marco socio-histórico-cultural se interrelacionan con la perspectiva contextualista del cambio cognitivo en contexto educativo. Fortalezas, desafíos y nudos críticos en las tres figuras del trabajo psicoeducativo en los sistemas de actividad se vinculan a: escenas de urgencia, formación de psicólogos, rol histórico de la escolarización y vicisitudes del desarrollo en contextos sociales de desigualdades acentuadas. Los actores psicoeducativos se apropian de instrumentos de reflexión sobre la práctica en zonas de construcción social de conocimientos, abriendo nuevas dimensiones de comprensión sobre problemas e intervenciones.

The work analyses mental models of violence situations at schools that psycho-educational agents build in the reconstruction of their experience in primary, secondary and special schools and social organizations linked at Buenos Aires and La Plata cities . Questionnaires about Problem-Situations of Violences at Schools were administered to sixty psycho-educational agents and it was applied for data processing a Multidimensional Analysis Matrix with Axis and Indicators of Becoming Professional Process. Categories from socio-historical-cultural framework are related to contextualist perspective of cognitive change in educational contexts. Strengths, challenges and critical knots in the three figures of work in activity systems are linked to: urgency scenes, psychologists modeling, historic role of schooling and development events in social contexts with increased inequalities. Psycho-educational actors appropriate instruments of reflection in practice through zones of social knowledge construction, opening new dimensions for understanding problems and interventions.