ABSTRACT
Se determinó la osmolalidad de fórmulas y productos para la terapia nutricional disponibles en Venezuela. Las muestras se agruparon en fórmulas infantiles de inicio, neonatos de bajo peso, infantiles de continuación, 1 a 4 años, a base de soya, sin lactosa, antirreflujo, hipoalergénicas, dietas con nutrientes intactos basadas en leche (DNIBL), fórmulas poliméricas, semielementales, módulos calóricos y proteicos. Se utilizó un osmómetro digital de presión de vapor, analizando cinco muestras por producto, preparadas por medida y por peso, de lotes diferentes. Cuando el coeficiente de variación de las medidas de osmolalidad fue mayor a 10 por ciento, se analizaron 5 muestras adicionales. Se calcularon promedios, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación de los valores de osmolalidad (95 por ciento confiabilidad). La osmolalidad (mmol/kg) de las fórmulas de inicio y de neonatos de bajo peso estuvieron entre 258 y 309; las de continuación: 256-390; de niños de 1 a 4 años: 343-399; a base de soya: 155-252; sin lactosa: 163-248; antirreflujo: 230-292; hipoalergénica: 220-335; DNIBL: 205-454; poliméricas: 247-588; semielementales: 238-289; módulo calórico: 89-99; y proteico: 30-60. Se encontró que generalmente las fórmulas preparadas con medidor tenían mayor osmolalidad y variabilidad que las preparadas según el peso. Algunas fórmulas de continuación, poliméricas, fórmulas para niños de 1 a 4 años y con nutrientes intactos basadas en leche tuvieron osmolalidades elevadas por lo que no deben ser administradas a lactantes, y con precaución a niños y adolescentes cuando el tracto gastrointestinal esté comprometido.
The objective was to determine the osmolality of products and formulas for nutritional therapy available in Venezuela. The samples were grouped as follows: infant formulas, premature infant, follow up, 1 to 4 years, soy based, lactose free, anti-reflux, hypoallergenic, complete beverages, polymeric formulas, semi-elemental, caloric and protein modules. A vapor pressure digital osmometer was used, analyzing five samples of each product from different lots, prepared by weigth or with scoop. When the variation coefficient of the osmolality measurements was higher than 10 percent, five additional samples were analyzed. Averages, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient of the osmolality measures (95 percent reliability) were calculated. The osmolality (mmol/kg) of infant and premature infant formulas were between 258 and 309; follow up formulas ranged between 256-390; 1 to 4 years: 343-399; soy based: 155-252; lactose free: 163-248; anti-reflux: 230-292; hypoallergenic: 220-335; complete beverages: 205-454; polymeric formulas: 247-588; semi-elemental: 238-289; caloric module: 89-99 and protein module: 30-60. We found that almost all the formulas prepared with scoop had higher osmolality and variability than the same products prepared by weight. Some follow up, polymeric, 1 to 4 years formulas and complete beverages had high osmolalities and therefore should not be administered to infants, and must be administered with caution to children and adolescents when the gastrointestinal tract is compromised.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Diarrhea, Infantile/prevention & control , Infant Formula , Nutrition Therapy , Osmolar Concentration , Soy Milk , Child Nutrition SciencesABSTRACT
The objective was to determine the osmolality of products and formulas for nutritional therapy available in Venezuela. The samples were grouped as follows: infant formulas, premature infant, follow up, 1 to 4 years, soy based, lactose free, anti-reflux, hypoallergenic, complete beverages, polymeric formulas, semi-elemental, caloric and protein modules. A vapor pressure digital osmometer was used, analyzing five samples of each product from different lots, prepared by weigth or with scoop. When the variation coefficient of the osmolality measurements was higher than 10%, five additional samples were analyzed. Averages, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient of the osmolality measures (95% reliability) were calculated. The osmolality (mmol/kg) of infant and premature infant formulas were between 258 and 309; follow up formulas ranged between 256-390; 1 to 4 years: 343-399; soy based: 155-252; lactose free: 163-248; anti-reflux: 230-292; hypoallergenic: 220-335; complete beverages: 205-454; polymeric formulas: 247-588; semi-elemental: 238-289; caloric module: 89-99 and protein module: 30-60. We found that almost all the formulas prepared with scoop had higher osmolality and variability than the same products prepared by weight. Some follow up, polymeric, 1 to 4 years formulas and complete beverages had high osmolalities and therefore should not be administered to infants, and must be administered with caution to children and adolescents when the gastrointestinal tract is compromised.
Subject(s)
Food, Formulated , Infant Formula/chemistry , Nutrition Therapy , Osmolar ConcentrationABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to determine the osmolality of beverages frequently consumed by children and adolescents due to the scarce information available in our country. The samples were grouped as follows: milks; refreshments; beverages based on fruits, vegetables, cereals, and tubers; sport drinks; energizing drinks; oral rehydrating solutions; reconstituted drinks and infusions. A vapor pressure digital osmometer was used, five samples of each beverage from different lots were analyzed. Four osmolality determinations were made on each sample and the average of such values was calculated. When the variation coefficient of the osmolality measurements of the five samples was higher than 10%, five additional samples were analyzed. As many samples as possible were used with breast milk in the time period of the study. Osmolality averages, standard deviation, and the osmolality confidence intervals (95% reliability) were calculated. The osmolality (mmol/kg) of breast milk and that of cow milk were between 273 and 389; refreshments, white, black and flavored colas, and malts ranged between 479-811; and soda and light drinks: 44-62; fresh fruit and commercial drinks (coconut, peach, apple, orange, pear, pineapple, grape, plum, tamarind): 257-1152 and light juices: 274; sports beverages: 367; energizing drinks: 740; drinks based on vegetables and cereals: 213-516; oral rehydrating solutions: 236-397; reconstituted drinks: 145; infusions: 25. Beverages with adequate osmolality levels for children were: milks, light refreshments, soda, fresh and light juices, oral rehydrating, soy, and reconstituted drinks and infusions.
Subject(s)
Beverages , Fruit , Osmolar Concentration , Adolescent , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Child , Diarrhea, Infantile/etiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/prevention & control , Fluid Therapy , Humans , Infant , Milk , Milk, HumanABSTRACT
Se determinó la osmolalidad de bebidas de consumo frecuente por los niños y adolescentes debido a la escasa información existente en nuestro país. Las muestras se agruparon en leches, bebidas refrescantes, con base en frutas, hortalizas, cereales y tubérculos; deportivas, energéticas, soluciones de rehidratación oral, reconstituidas e infusiones. Se utilizó un osmómetro digital de presión de vapor, analizando cinco muestras de cada bebida, lotes diferentes. A cada muestra se le hicieron cuatro determinaciones de osmolalidad calculando el promedio de dichos valores. Cuando el coeficiente de variación de las medidas de osmolalidad de las cinco muestras fue superior a 10 por ciento, se analizaron 5 muestras adicionales. Con la leche materna se utilizaron las muestras que fueron posibles recolectar durante el estudio. Se calcularon promedios de osmolalidad, desviación estándar e intervalo de confianza de los valores de osmolalidad (95 por ciento confiabilidad). La osmolalidad (mmol/kg) de la leche materna y de vaca estuvieron entre 273 y 389; las bebidas refrescantes, colas blancas, negras, sabores y maltas oscilaron entre 479-811 y la soda y bebidas light: 44-62; bebidas de frutas naturales y comerciales (coco, durazno, manzana, naranja, pera, piña, uva, ciruela, tamarindo): 257-1152 y los jugos light: 274; bebidas deportivas: 367; bebidas energéticas: 740; bebidas basadas en hortalizas y cereales: 213-516; soluciones de rehidratación oral: 236-397; bebidas reconstituidas: 145; infusiones: 25. Las bebidas con osmolalidad en rango adecuado para los niños fueron: leches, refrescos light, soda, jugos naturales y light, bebidas de rehidratación oral, de soya, reconstituidas e infusiones
