ABSTRACT
Antecedentes. La población mexicana presenta una alta prevalencia de infecciones recurrentes de vías respiratorias altas. Objetivos. Comparar el efecto de dosis inmunoestimulantes de ribosomas bacterianos y proteoglicanos de membrana Ribovac® sobre células mononucleadas. Material y métodos. La expresión de IL-6 de células mononucleadas en cultivo, se midió a concentraciones y tiempos variables por la técnica de ELISA, mientras que el efecto de Ribovac® en poblaciones de células mononucleadas fue analizado por citometría de flujo. Resultados. Ribovac® tiene un efecto dependiente de dosis y tiempo de exposición sobre la expresión de IL-6 por células mononucleadas; las concentraciones de IL-6 fueron máximas a las 6 horas de tratamiento con Ribovac®. La expresión de CD3+ fue mayor cuando las células mononucleadas se trataron con 125 µg/ml por 72 horas (p=0,010) respecto a aquellas que se trataron a mitad de esa concentración en igual tiempo, a diferencia de la expresión de CD19, que fue mayor en células mononucleadas tratadas con 62,5 µg/ml por 72 horas que en aquellas tratadas con 125 µg/ml por 72 horas (p=0,021). No se encontraron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas en el número de células CD16+CD56+ ni en la coexpresión de los marcadores CD45 y CD19 cuando se compararon tanto tiempos de administración como concentraciones de Ribovac®. Conclusiones. La expansión de poblaciones linfoides y la maduración de éstas a fenotipos con mayor capacidad efectora son efectos inducibles y deseables de Ribovac®, que deben tenerse en cuenta al decidir su tiempo e intervalos de administración.(AU)
Background. The Mexican population has a high prevalence of recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract. Objective. To compare the effect of immunostimulatory dose of bacterial ribosomes and membrane proteoglycan Ribovac® on mononuclear cells. Methods. The expression of interleukin 6 from mononuclear cells in culture was measured at varying concentrations and times by ELISA, while the effect of R in populations of mononuclear cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. Ribovac® has an dose-dependent and exposure time effect on the expression of IL-6 by mononuclear cells, concentrations of IL-6 were maximal at 6 hours of treatment with Ribovac®. The expression of CD3+ was higher when mononuclear cells weretreated with 125 µg/ml for 72 hours (p=0,010) than those who were treated to half that concentration in the same time, unlike the expression of CD19 which was higher in mononuclear cells treated with 62,5 µg/ml for 72 hours than those that were treated with 125 µg/ml for 72 hours (p=0,021). There were no statistically significance in the decrease in the number of CD16+CD56+ cells and in the coexpression of CD45 and CD19 markers neither; when comparing both times of administration and evaluated concentrations of Ribovac®. Conclusions. The lymphoid population expansion and their maturation to better effector phenotypes effector are inducible and desirable effects of Ribovac® and these important when deciding the time and intervals of administration.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Proteoglycans , Ribosomes , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Respiratory Tract Infections , Leukocytes, MononuclearABSTRACT
La implicación de los hongos en las reacciones alérgicas se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo. Más de 80 géneros de hongos se han asociado con síntomas de alergias del tracto respiratorio. Se resume la clasificación taxonómica de los géneros de hongos que más se han relacionado con enfermedades alérgicas respiratorias y el mecanismo fisiopatológico de daño al huésped causado por hongos en asma, rinitis, sinusitis, micosis pulmonares y pneumonitis por hipersensibilidad, y se presentan las bases de la nomenclatura de los determinantes alergénicos fúngicos según su caracterización bioquímica. El uso de alérgenos recombinantes de hongos permite aclarar el perfil alergénico que presentan algunos pacientes polisensibilizados y reconocer la sensibilización a alérgenos potencialmente peligrosos, como es el caso de alérgenos alimentarios, e identificar la presencia de éstos en diversas fuentes; además, sirven para estudiar la reactividad cruzada entre alérgenos de la misma especie o de otras especies, y con éstos podría superarse la limitación de los extractos fúngicos convencionales los cuales son muy variables en cuanto a potencia y contenido alergénico. Se comentan la complejidad y las indicaciones de la inmunoterapia específica para desensibilización de pacientes hiperreactivos a hongos alergénicos. (AU)
The involvement of fungi in allergic reactions has been known for a long time. More than 80 genera of fungi have been associated with symptoms of respiratory allergies. This review summarize the taxonomic classification of genera of fungi that have been linked to the most prevalent allergic diseases and also commented the pathophysiological mechanisms of damage to the host caused by fungi in asthma, rhinitis sinusitis and pulmonary fungal hypersensitivity pneumonitis and presents the bases of nomenclature of fungal allergenic determinants according to their biochemical characterization. The use of recombinant allergens helps clarify the profile fungal allergen present in some patients polysensitized and recognize their presence in various sources. This also serves well to study cross-reactivity between allergens of the same species or other species. With the use of recombinant allergens could overcome the limitation of the conventional fungal extracts which are very variable in terms of potency and allergen content. We comment of the complexity and indications of specific immunotherapy for desensitization of hyperreactive patients to allergenic fungi. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Asthma/immunology , Allergens , Fungi , Asthma , Rhinitis , Desensitization, Immunologic , Immunotherapy , Antigens, Fungal/immunologyABSTRACT
The paper gives an account of the development and implementation of a stakeholder management framework at Ream National Park, Cambodia. Firstly, the concept of stakeholder is reviewed in management and in conservation literatures. Secondly, the context in which the stakeholder framework was implemented is described. Thirdly, a five-step methodological framework is suggested: (1) stakeholder analysis, (2) stakeholder mapping, (3) development of generic strategies and workplan, (4) presentation of the workplan to stakeholders, and (5) implementation of the workplan. This framework classifies stakeholders according to their level of influence on the project and their potential for the conservation of natural resources. In a situation characterized by conflicting claims on natural resources, park authorities were able to successfully develop specific strategies for the management of stakeholders. The conclusion discusses the implications of the Ream experience and the generalization of the framework to other protected areas.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Decision Making, Organizational , Group Processes , Cambodia , Humans , Interprofessional Relations , Organizational Objectives , Public Policy , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Peru has high rates of iron deficiency anemia. The prevalence is 35% in nonpregnant women of fertile age and 24.7% in adolescent girls in slums of periurban Lima. The major cause of anemia is low intake of dietary iron. A community-based, randomized behavioral and dietary intervention trial was conducted to improve dietary iron intake and iron bioavailability of adolescent girls living in periurban areas of Lima, Peru. Results show that there was a change in knowledge about anemia and improved dietary iron intake in the 71 girls who completed the study compared with the 66 girls in the control group. Although the 9-mo. intervention was not sufficient to improve hemoglobin levels significantly, there appeared to be a protective effect in maintaining the iron status of girls in comparison with the control group.
