Comparative morphology of male genitalia in antlions (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae), with emphasis on owlflies (Ascalaphinae) and a possible structural evolutionary scenario.

Male genitalia morphology in Myrmeleontidae has traditionally been insufficiently studied, although it has received increased attention for its diagnostic value in recent times. A neutral terminology has generally been applied in standard taxonomic practice, yet knowledge of an equivalent and stable terminology across taxa based on comparative morphology has been missing. Herein a detailed comparative morphology study with examples from most tribes within Myrmeleontidae, including owlflies (Ascalaphinae), attempts to relate external and internal genital structures based on a proposed groundplan for Neuroptera and Myrmeleontidae. We contend that a groundplan based on 10 abdominal segments, plus vestigial structures from an 11th segment, coherently depicts structural components across myrmeleontid taxa. A gonarcus, an element of Neuropterida amply referred in Neuroptera, is supported to represent the pair of abdominal appendages of segment X medially fused, with gonocoxite and gonostylus components. In most myrmeleontid taxa, basal (gonocoxites) and distal (gonostyli) components separate, with gonostyli positioned posteriorly with respect to gonocoxites, still united with translucent, lightly sclerotized tissue, forming a more or less conical structure, a proposed synapomorphy for the family. Ninth gonostyli are generally reduced (pulvini) and have migrated close to the base of gonarcus (10th gonocoxites). A pelta, also a potential synapomorphy for Myrmeleontidae, derives from paired setose surfaces of the 10th gonostyli, medially positioned (still evident in Bubopsis). Three structural types of gonarcus are diagnosed for illustrative purposes, as they may represent convergent constructs.

Fungal volatile organic compounds: mechanisms involved in their sensing and dynamic communication with plants.

Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are mixtures of gas-phase hydrophobic carbon-based molecules produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They can act as airborne signals sensed by plants being crucial players in triggering signaling cascades influencing their secondary metabolism, development, and growth. The role of fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) from beneficial or detrimental species to influence the physiology and priming effect of plants has been well studied. However, the plants mechanisms to discern between FVOCs from friend or foe remains significantly understudied. Under this outlook, we present an overview of the VOCs produced by plant-associate fungal species, with a particular focus on the challenges faced in VOCs research: i) understanding how plants could perceive FVOCs, ii) investigating the differential responses of plants to VOCs from beneficial or detrimental fungal strains, and finally, iii) exploring practical aspects related to the collection of VOCs and their eco-friendly application in agriculture.

CCR3 plays a role in murine age-related cognitive changes and T-cell infiltration into the brain.

Targeting immune-mediated, age-related, biology has the potential to be a transformative therapeutic strategy. However, the redundant nature of the multiple cytokines that change with aging requires identification of a master downstream regulator to successfully exert therapeutic efficacy. Here, we discovered CCR3 as a prime candidate, and inhibition of CCR3 has pro-cognitive benefits in mice, but these benefits are not driven by an obvious direct action on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells. Instead, CCR3-expressing T cells in the periphery that are modulated in aging inhibit infiltration of these T cells across the blood-brain barrier and reduce neuroinflammation. The axis of CCR3-expressing T cells influencing crosstalk from periphery to brain provides a therapeutically tractable link. These findings indicate the broad therapeutic potential of CCR3 inhibition in a spectrum of neuroinflammatory diseases of aging.

Antlions of formerly recognized tribe Gnopholeontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Brachynemurini) from Peninsula of Baja California, with a new species of Tyttholeon Adams

ABSTRACT A new antlion species, Tyttholeon froehlichi Tavares, Marquez and Contreras sp. n., is described from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, an area biogeographically significant for its high number of endemic species. Previously monotypic, Tyttholeon Adams now comprises two Nearctic species. Three of the four genera within the formerly recognized tribe Gnopholeontini and their respective species, all present in the Peninsula of Baja California (Gnopholeon barberi Currie, G. delicatulus Currie, G. zapotecus Stange, Menkeleon bellulus Banks, and Tyttholeon puerilis Adams), are herein diagnosed, illustrated, and have their distribution updated and analyzed. A taxonomic key is provided for Tyttholeon.

Agavin induces beneficial microbes in the shrimp microbiota under farming conditions.

Prebiotics and probiotics have shown a number of beneficial impacts preventing diseases in cultured shrimps. Complex soluble carbohydrates are considered ideal for fostering microbiota biodiversity by fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPS). Here we evaluated the growth performance and microbiota composition of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after dietary intervention using agavin as a FODMAP prebiotic under farming conditions. Adult L. vannamei were raised at a shrimp farm and the effect of agavin supplemented at 2% (AG2) or 10% (AG10) levels were compared to an agavin-free basal diet (BD). After 28 days-trial, the feed conversion ratio, total feed ingested, and protein efficiency ratio was significantly improved on animals fed with AG2. At the same time, no effect on growth performance was observed in AG10. Surprisingly, after sequencing the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene a higher microbial richness and diversity in the hepatopancreas and intestine was found only in those animals receiving the AG10 diet, while those receiving the AG2 diet had a decreased richness and diversity, both diets compared to the BD. The beta diversity analysis showed a clear significant microbiota clustering by agavin diets only in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that agavin supplementation had a more substantial deterministic effect on the microbiota of hepatopancreas than on the intestine. We analyzed the literature to search beneficial microbes for shrimp's health and found sequences for 42 species in our 16S data, being significantly increased Lactobacillus pentosus, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas synxantha in the hepatopancreas of the AG10 and Rodopseudomonas palustris and Streptococcus thermophiles th1435 in the hepatopancreas of the AG2, both compared to BD. Interestingly, when we analyzed the abundance of 42 beneficial microbes as a single microbial community "meta-community," found an increase in their abundance as agavin concentration increases in the hepatopancreas. In addition, we also sequenced the DNA of agavin and found 9 of the 42 beneficial microbes. From those, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were found in shrimps fed with agavin (both AG2 and AG10), and Lysinibacillus fusiformis in AG10 and they were absent the BD diet, suggesting these three species could be introduced with the agavin to the diet. Our work provides evidence that agavin supplementation is associated with an increase of beneficial microbes for the shrimp microbiota at farming conditions. Our study provides the first evidence that a shrimp prebiotic may selectively modify the microbiota in an organ-dependent effect.

A new species of Paranthaclisis Banks (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico

ABSTRACT Paranthaclisis stangei Marquez, Martins, and Contreras, sp. n., is a new myrmeleontid from Baja California Sur state, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, which is an important area of endemism. After this new discovery, the genus Paranthaclisis is composed by five species, three occurring in Mexico. This new species is easily identified by a rostrum completely yellowish-white, an area of pre-origin of RP with spurial vein on hindwing and with marks; males are easily separated by the conspicuous posterior thinning of the parameres and mediuncus dorsally without teeth and a basomedial split.

Virally encoded connectivity transgenic overlay RNA sequencing (VECTORseq) defines projection neurons involved in sensorimotor integration.

Behavior arises from concerted activity throughout the brain. Consequently, a major focus of modern neuroscience is defining the physiology and behavioral roles of projection neurons linking different brain areas. Single-cell RNA sequencing has facilitated these efforts by revealing molecular determinants of cellular physiology and markers that enable genetically targeted perturbations such as optogenetics, but existing methods for sequencing defined projection populations are low throughput, painstaking, and costly. We developed a straightforward, multiplexed approach, virally encoded connectivity transgenic overlay RNA sequencing (VECTORseq). VECTORseq repurposes commercial retrogradely infecting viruses typically used to express functional transgenes (e.g., recombinases and fluorescent proteins) by treating viral transgene mRNA as barcodes within single-cell datasets. VECTORseq is compatible with different viral families, resolves multiple populations with different projection targets in one sequencing run, and identifies cortical and subcortical excitatory and inhibitory projection populations. Our study provides a roadmap for high-throughput identification of neuronal subtypes based on connectivity.

A new species of Wesmaelius Krüger from Mexico, with a key to the New World species of the subgenus Kimminsia Killington (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae).

Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nanacamilpa Marquez & Contreras, sp. n., a brown lacewing from Tlaxcala state, Mexico is described and illustrated. This is the second recorded species of Wesmaelius from Mexico, and the third from Middle America. Males of the new species may be identified by parameres separate apically, styliform sclerites directed basally, as well as a rounded gonarcus with a short entoprocessus. Females may be distinguished from closely related species by a subgenital plate with the central plate broadly incised basally. There are now 16 species of Wesmaelius known from the New World.

Sorter de citometría de flujo: repercusiones en los indicadores clave de rendimiento de un laboratorio de reproducción asistida / Flow cytometry sorter: results in the key performance indicators of an assisted reproductive technology

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la manipulación de gametos con sorter de citometría de flujo repercute negativamente en los indicadores clave de rendimiento de un laboratorio de reproducción asistida. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en parejas a quienes se efectuó fecundación in vitro mediante inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI), con selección espermática, mediante un sorter de citometría de flujo, para selección de sexo. El estudio se efectuó en el New Hope Fertility Center de Guadalajara y Ciudad de México, de junio de 2014 a agosto de 2017. Los resultados se compararon con un grupo control seleccionado al azar. Se evaluaron los indicadores decisivos de rendimiento (KPI´s); tasa de fecundación normal, anormal (1PN, ≥ 3 PN) y fallida; tasa de degeneración posterior a ICSI; tasas de segmentación o división, blastocisto, implantación (segmentación y blastocisto) y recién nacido. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para dos muestras y se consideró estadísticamente significativo el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 150 ciclos. Grupo 1: ICSI con selección espermática y sorter de citometría de flujo (n = 40); Grupo 2: ICSI sin sorter de citometría de flujo (n = 110). Los indicadores clave de rendimiento del grupo 1 disminuyeron; se reportaron tasas de fecundación fallida de 1.6%, blastocisto 17.4%, implantación en la segmentación 10%, implantación en blastocisto 14.2% y de recién nacido 14.5%. CONCLUSIONES: La manipulación de gametos con sorter de citometría de flujo reportó un efecto negativo en los indicadores clave de rendimiento del laboratorio de reproducción asistida, específicamente en las tasas de blastocisto, implantación de blastocisto y de recién nacido.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the manipulation of gametes with a flow cytometry sorter has a negative effect on the key performance indicators (KPI´s). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective analysis, in couples undergoing In a Vitro Fertilization (IVF) by ICSI, with sperm selection, using a flow cytometry sorter for sex selection. The study was conducted at the New Hope Fertility Center in Guadalajara and Mexico City, from June 2014 to August 2017. The results were compared with a randomly group without a flow cytometry sorter. KPI´s were evaluated; normal fertilization rate, abnormal (1PN, ≥3 PN), failed fertilization, ICSI damage rate, cleavage rate, blastocyst development rate, implantation rate (cleavage and blastocyst-stage) and live birth rate. A Student's t-test was made for two samples considering significant differences with p < 0.05. RESULTS: 150 cycles were evaluated. Group 1: ICSI with sperm selection by a flow cytometry sorter (n = 40); Group 2: ICSI without sperm selection (n = 110). Observing with statistical significance a decreased of the KPI´s of Group 1: failed fertilization rate (1.6%), blastocyst development rate (17.4%), implantation rate (cleavage-stage) (10%), implantation rate (blastocyst-stage) (14.2%) and live birth rate (14.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The manipulation of gametes with the flow cytometry sorter, has a negative effect on the assisted reproductive technology KPI´s; specifically, in the blastocyst rate, blastocyst implantation rate and live birth rate.

Description of the pupa of Climaciella brunnea (Say) (Mantispidae, Mantispinae) and a key to known pupae of mantispids from North America.

Most works about Climaciella brunnea (Say) deal with predation and parasitoidism on wolf spiders (Lycosidae), or records of populations that mimic vespid wasps (Polistes spp.). Knowledge on immature mantispids is scarce, particularly about pupae. Currently, a key by Hoffman and Brushwein provides information on larvae and pupae of several North American species. Herein, the pupa of C. brunnea is described for the first time, on the basis of a specimen from central Mexico, and its position in the available key is proposed,. The pupa of Plega yucatanae Parker Stange from southeastern Mexico is also incorporated to the key on the basis of a published description.

Reference intervals for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in healthy Mexican pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The reference intervals for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in pregnant Mexican women without diabetes are not well defined. The study aims to determine the reference intervals for HbA1c at each trimester in healthy Mexican pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included healthy Mexican pregnant women in trimester 1 (T1), 6-13.6 weeks of gestation (WG), trimester 2 (T2), 14-27 WG, and trimester 3 (T3), ≥27-36 WG, with a maternal age > 18 years, and pregestational body mass index (BMI) ranging between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus, pregestational diabetes, anemia, a pregestational BMI < 18.5 or ≥ 25 kg/m2, and any hematologic, hepatic, immunological, renal, or cardiac disease were excluded. HbA1c was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography based on the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program-certified PDQ Primus guidelines. The HbA1c reference intervals were calculated in terms of the 2.5th to the 97.5th percentiles. RESULTS: We analyzed the HbA1c values of 725 women (T1 n = 84, T2 n = 448, and T3 n = 193). The characteristics of the participants were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and included: maternal age (28.2 ± 6.7 years), pregestational weight (54.8 ± 5.9 Kg), pregestational BMI (22.2 ± 1.7 Kg/m2), and glucose values using a 75 g-2 h oral glucose tolerance test; fasting 4.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L (81.5 ± 5.5 mg/dL), 1 h 6.4 ± 1.5 mmol/L (115.3 ± 26.6 mg/dL), and 2 h 5.7 ± 1.1 mmol/L (103.5 ± 19.6 mg/dL). Reference intervals for HbA1c, expressed as median and 2.5th to 97.5th percentile for each trimester were: T1: 5.1 (4.5-5.6%), T2: 5.0 (4.4-5.5%), and T3: 5.1 (4.5-5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The reference range of HbA1C in healthy Mexican pregnant women during pregnancy was 4.4% to 5.6%. We suggest as upper limits of HbA1c value ≤5.6%, 5.5%, and 5.7% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively among Mexican pregnant women.

Valor de la cuenta folicular antral como predictor de éxito en ciclos de fertilización in vitro / Value of the antral follicular count as a predictor of success in in vitro fertilization cycles

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La asociación entre pruebas de reserva ovárica y respuesta a la estimulación está debidamente establecida aunque su capacidad para predecir embarazo clínico y recién nacido vivo es limitada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad clínica de la cuenta folicular antral para predecir embarazo clínico y recién nacido vivo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, efectuado en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, entre 2011 y 2016 en ciclos de fertilización in vitro en fresco. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de infertilidad a quienes se efectuó, in vitro, transferencia de embriones en fresco. Variables de estudio: edad, cuenta folicular antral, concentración basal de FSH y cantidad de ovocitos capturados. Se elaboró un modelo de regresión logística. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Se consideró significativa la probabilidad de error alfa menor de 5%. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 923 ciclos de fertilización in vitro. La cuenta folicular antral tiene predicción para detectar embarazo clínico con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0.59 y para recién nacido vivo de 0.57. El número óptimo con mayor porcentaje de embarazo clínico (9%) y recién nacido vivo (10.4%) tuvo cuenta folicular antral ≥ 8. CONCLUSIONES: Cuando la cuenta folicular antral es más o menos mayor de 8 folículos se espera mayor cantidad de embarazos clínicos y de recién nacidos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The association between ovarian reserve test and ovarian response is well established, however, its ability to predict clinical pregnancy and the live birth is limited. OBJETIVE: Evaluate the clinical usefulness of the antral follicle count (AFC) to predict clinical pregnancy and live newborn. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study was made. In fresh IVF cycles, performed at INPer between 2011-2016. Including patients diagnosed with infertility, who underwent in vitro fertilization with fresh embryo transfer. The study variables were age, antral follicle count, basal FSH concentration and number of oocytes captured. A binary logistic regression model was performed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the statistical analysis. The probability of error alpha <5% was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 923 in vitro fertilization cycles were included. The antral follicle count has a prediction for clinical pregnancy (ABC 0.59) and live birth (ABC 0.57). The optimal cut-off value with the highest percentage of clinical pregnancy (9%) and live birth (10.4%) was presented with a CFA ≥ 8. A higher pregnancy rate is reported when there is a follicular count above ≥8 follicles. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected the highest number of clinical pregnancy and live birth when the antral follicle count is for ≥8 follicles.

Manejo del dolor por medio de tratamientos no farmacológicos en unidad de cuidados intensivos / Pain management through non-pharmacological treatments in intensive care units

El dolor es un síntoma altamente prevalente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos que genera una de las preocupaciones más frecuentes debido a su alta incidencia y difícil manejo. El tratamiento no farmacológico es poco frecuente en contextos clínicos debido a la falta de información y educación sobre el tema, el número de pacientes asignados por cada profesional sanitario y la falta de protocolos, manuales y guías de manejo que incluyan las medidas no farmacológicas para el manejo del dolor. Método: Esta revisión se propuso verificar las estrategias de las terapias no farmacológicas que se usan en las unidades de cuidado intensivo para controlar el dolor en pacientes álgidos de diferentes edades. Se incluyeron 15 artículos publicados entre el año 2000 y el 2017, disponibles en bases primarias y secundarias. La búsqueda se limitó a temas relacionados con estrategias no farmacológicas para el manejo del dolor en pacientes críticos, mediante combinaciones de palabras clave como "palliative care", "pain" e "intensive care unit". Resultados: como terapias no farmacológicas para el paciente neonatal se mencionan la técnica de plegamiento facilitado, la musicoterapia, la saturación sensorial, el posicionamiento y el cuidado canguro. Para el paciente adulto se plantean estrategias como la musicoterapia, el masaje simple, la crioterapia y técnicas de relajación. Conclusión: Se concluye que es importante generar estudios clínicos controlados que evidencien los beneficios de los tratamientos no farmacológicos. A demás, es necesario promover estrategias terapéuticas para facilitar la modulación del dolor en pacientes en unidades de cuidado intensivo y para aplicarlas en los diferentes ciclos vitales

Pain is a highly prevalent symptom in intensive care units that generates one of the most frequent concerns due to its high incidence and difficult management. The non- pharmacological treatment of pain is rare in these clinical contexts due to limitations such as lack of information and education on the subject, number of patients assigned to each health professional and lack of protocols, manuals and management guides that include non-pharmacological measures for pain management. Objective: To review the strategies of non-pharmacological therapies that are used in intensive care units to control pain in patients of different ages with severe conditions. Method: This review included 15 articles, published between the years 2000 and 200, that were evaluated according to their content. The review was made using the keywords "palliative care", "pain" and "intensive care unit". Results: The most common non-pharmacological therapies used in neonates are the technique of facilitated folding, music therapy, sensory saturation, positioning and kangaroo care. For the adult patient, strategies such as music therapy, simple massage, relaxation techniques and cryotherapy are proposed. Conclusions: It is important to generate controlled clinical studies that show the benefits of non-pharmacological treatments. Moreover, therapeutic strategies must be stimulated to facilitate the modulation of pain in patients in intensive care units, and to apply them in different life cycles.

Empathy, Components of Empathy and Curricular Evaluation of the Faculty of Dentistry, Evangelical University of El Salvador

Objective: To estimate empathy levels in general and empathic growth potential in dental students. Material and Methods: This is an exploratory, transversal study. The study population is made up of students from the first to fifth academic year of the career of dentistry of the Evangelical University of El Salvador (El Salvador) (148/240, 61.67% of the population studied). The participants were given the Jefferson Empathy Medical Scale, the Spanish version for medical students, validated in Chile and Mexico, and culturally adapted in El Salvador. A bifactorial variance analysis (model III) was applied to find differences in the means between the courses, between the genders and in the interaction between these two factors. The data were described using simple arithmetic graphs, processed with SPSS 22.0. Total growth potential was estimated. Results: Differences were found between academic years, but not in gender of empathy in general and in its components. The levels of empathy and its components are low in relation to other studies. The behavior of the levels of empathy agrees with the concept of empathic decline. The masculine gender presented levels of empathy, in absolute values, greater than the feminine. There is considerable potential for growth in empathy and that of its components. Conclusion: The behavior of the levels of empathy observed in this work does not agree with the concept of empathic decline. The differences observed between the genders were not consistent with those reported by other authors and it is possible that these findings constitute further evidence that empathy itself is not a female attribute.

Colonization by Phloem-Feeding Herbivore Overrides Effects of Plant Virus on Amino Acid Composition in Phloem of Chili Plants.

The 'adaptive host manipulation' hypothesis predicts that parasites can enhance their transmission rates via manipulation of their host's phenotype. For example, many plant pathogens alter the nutritional quality of their host for herbivores that serve as their vectors. However, herbivores, including non-vectors, might cause additional alterations in the plant phenotype. Here, we studied changes in the amino acid (AA) content in the phloem of chilli (Capsicum annuum) plants infected with Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) upon subsequent colonization with a non-vector, the phloem-feeding whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Virus infection alone caused an almost 30-fold increase in overall phloem AAs, but colonization by T. vaporariorum completely reversed this effect. At the level of individual AAs, contents of proline, tyrosine, and valine increased, and histidine and alanine decreased in PepGMV -infected as compared to control plants, whereas colonization by T. vaporariorum caused decreased contents of proline, tyrosine, and valine, and increased contents of histidine and alanine. Overall, the colonization by the whitefly had much stronger effects on phloem AA composition than virus infection. We conclude that the phloem composition of a virus-infected host plant can rapidly change upon arrival of an herbivore and that these changes need to be monitored to predict the nutritional quality of the plant in the long run.

Rediscovery of Eremobittacus spinulatus Byers (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) in Mexico, with description of the female and comments on sexual dimorphism and potential mimicry.

The female of Eremobittacus spinulatus Byers, 1997 is described for the first time. A key to the two species known of this genus endemic to Mexico is provided, and species distribution is illustrated. A case is made for adults of Eremobittacus to be sexually dimorphic, which appears to be an exceptional occurrence in Bittacidae. It is claimed that Eremobittacus spinulatus habitus has a wasp-like appearance, which may potentially depict a case of mimicry.

Cross-kingdom effects of plant-plant signaling via volatile organic compounds emitted by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants infested by the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants in response to insect infestation can function as signals for the attraction of predatory/parasitic insects and/or repulsion of herbivores. VOCs also may play a role in intra- and inter-plant communication. In this work, the kinetics and composition of VOC emissions produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants infested with the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum was determined within a 14 days period. The VOC emission profiles varied concomitantly with the duration of whitefly infestation. A total of 36 different VOCs were detected during the experiment, 26 of which could be identified: 23 terpenoids, plus decanal, decane, and methyl salicylate (MeSA). Many VOCs were emitted exclusively by infested plants, including MeSA and 10 terpenoids. In general, individual VOC emissions increased as the infestation progressed, particularly at 7 days post-infestation (dpi). Additional tunnel experiments showed that a 3 days exposure to VOC emissions from whitefly-infested plants significantly reduced infection by a biotrophic bacterial pathogen. Infection of VOC-exposed plants induced the expression of a likely tomato homolog of a methyl salicylate esterase gene, which preceded the expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes. This expression pattern correlated with reduced susceptibility in VOC-exposed plants. The observed cross-kingdom effect of plant-plant signaling via VOCs probably represents a generalized defensive response that contributes to increased plant fitness, considering that resistance responses to whiteflies and biotrophic bacterial pathogens in tomato share many common elements.

Evaluación radiográfica de las vías aéreas superiores en niños de 3 a 13 años de edad / Radiographic evaluation of the upper airways in children 3 to 13 years of age

El objetivo de la investigación es efectuar una evaluación a través de radiografías cefalométricas y panorámicas de las Vías Aéreas Superiores (VAS) en niños de 3 a 13 años que visitaron la clínica de la Facultad Odontología de la Universidad de ElSalvador en los ciclos I 2003 al I 2005. Al presentarse síndrome de respiración bucal, hay cambios en las VAS como: disminución en la distancia de faringe superior e inferior (McNamara), obstrucción en la ventilación de la vertical pterigoidea (Ricketts), posición anormal del tabique nasal, asimetría de senos maxilares y obstrucción de fosas nasales (Simoes). El estudio se realizó en 231 Radiografías cefalométricas y panorámicas seleccionadas previamente, los criterios de selección fueron, que la radiografía no esté manchada, rallada, que las estructuras a investigar se observen claramente. Se utilizó la observación, realizando las respectivas mediciones, previamente se determinó que los investigadores trabajaran de la misma manera. La investigación es Descriptiva Observacional Retrospectiva. Los materiales utilizados fueron: acetatos, plumones indelebles, negatoscopio, regla milimetrada, entre otros. Los resultados coinciden con los autores, concluyendo que estas medidas son extrapolables a los salvadoreños. Se recomienda incluir un análisis radiográfico de VAS al sospechar síndrome de respiración bucal.

The objective of the research is to carry out an evaluation through cephalometric and panoramic radiographs of the Superior Airways (VAS) in children from 3 to 13 years old who visited the clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of El Salvador in cycles I 2003 to I 2005. When mouth breathing syndrome occurs, there are changes in the VAS such as: decrease in the distance of the upper and lower pharynx (McNamara), obstruction in the ventilation of the vertical pterygoid (Ricketts), abnormal position of the nasal septum, asymmetry of maxillary sinuses and nasal passage obstruction (Simoes). The study was carried out on 231 previously selected cephalometric and panoramic X-rays, the selection criteria were that the X-ray is not stained, scratched, that the structures to be investigated are clearly observed. Observation was used, making the respective measurements, previously it was determined that the researchers worked in the same way. The research is Descriptive Observational Retrospective. The materials used were: acetates, indelible markers, X-ray viewer, millimeter ruler, among others. The results coincide with the authors, concluding that these measures can be extrapolated to Salvadorans. It is recommended to include a radiographic analysis of VAS when suspecting mouth breathing syndrome.

Clinical trial with secnidazol in a single dose in venezuelan children infected by giardia intestinalis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar mediante un estudio abierto no comparativo el uso de secnidazol en suspensión oral, suministrado a niños venezolanos infectados por Giardia intestinalis, procedentes de Carapita, un barrio marginal de la ciudad de Caracas. Setenta niños (38 masculinos y 32 femeninos) con un rango de edad entre 2 y 11 años fueron tratados con una dosis única (30mg/kg peso corporal) de secnidazol, después de haber hecho el diagnóstico de giardiasis mediante examen clínico y evaluación parasitológica en tres muestras de heces. La efectividad del tratamiento se determinó 15 días después del tratamiento utilizado la evaluación clínica y parasitológica. Los resultados mostraron 95 por ciento de cura clínica demostrado por una disminución significativa de la frecuencia de síntomas gastrointestinales. La cura parasitológica fue de 98 por ciento, hubo cuatro fracasos al final del tratamiento. Los efectos secundarios observados después del tratamiento fueron de moderada intensidad y duraron solamente algunas horas. Estos resultados muestran que una dosis única de secnidazol en una suspensión oral es un tratamiento efectivo, seguro y bien tolerado para niños con giardiasis y que esta droga pudiera ser administrada como tratamiento a poblaciones en riesgo

Vulvovaginitis infantil: manifestaciones clínicas, etiología y eficacia terapéutica del sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim y la yodo povidona / Infant vulvovaginitis: clinicals manifestation, etiology and therapeutics eficace of sulfametazole/trimetoprim and the povidone-iodine

En una población de 78 niñas con vulvovaginitis (46 preescolares y 32 escolares), residentes en la Parroquia 23 de Enero de Caracas, fueron evaluadas las manifestaciones clínicas, la etiología y la eficacia terapéutica del Sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim y la yodopovidona. El flujo vaginal fue evidenciado como signo clínico de vulvovaginitis en 29 de 32 (90,6 por ciento) niñas escolares, mientras que dicho signo (56,5 por ciento) fue encontrado en 26 de 46 niñas preescolares (p<0.01). Los agentes infecciosos más frecuentemente identificados fueron: E.coli (60,2 por ciento), E.vermicularis (42,3 por ciento) y S.epidermidis (12,8 por ciento). No hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de estos agentes en preescolares y escolares. Candida albicans fue demostrada en 10 de 32 (31,2 por ciento) niñas escolares y en 2 de 46 (4,3 por ciento) niñas preescolares. Esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa. Se obtuvo curación en 16 de 19 (84,2 por ciento) niñas con la combinación de sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim oral más lavado genital con yodo-povidona, en 15 de 20 (75 por ciento) niñas tratadas con sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim oral asociado a higiene genital con agua hervida. Asimismo, en 15 de 19 (79,0 por ciento) niñas la curación fue obtenida con el uso exclusivo de yodo-povidona en el lavado genital. Sólo 4 de 20 (20,0 por ciento) niñas que utilizó solamente lavado genital con agua hervida obtuvo curación. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento que recibieron sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim solo, yodo-povidona sola o la combinación de ambos