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2.
World J Surg Oncol ; 4: 77, 2006 Nov 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17101048

ABSTRACT

Cervical cancer is the seventh most frequent cancer worldwide but more than 80% of cases occur in developing countries. Till date, radiation therapy with external beam and brachytherapy remains as the core treatment for most stages of cervical cancer. However, radiation treatment protocols and equipment modelled on the best developed countries can be seldom applied directly to developing countries owing to financial constraints and lack of qualified personnel, thus, a substantial proportion of patients do not have access to even palliative radiation therapy. Treatment options when the standard therapy is either not available or difficult to reproduce in particular settings is highly desirable with the potential to save lives that otherwise could be lost by the lack of adequate treatment. These options of treatment ideally had to have show, 1) that these are not inferior to the "standard" in terms of either survival or quality of life; 2) that these can be delivered in settings were the "standard" is not available or if available its quality is poor; and 3) that the treatment option be accepted by the population to be treated. Based on these considerations, it is obvious that cervical cancer patients, particularly those who live in countries with limited resources and therefore may not have sufficient radiation therapy resources are in need of newer therapeutical options. There is now a considerable amount of information emanating from clinical studies where surgery has a major role in treating this disease. These forms of "radiation-sparing" treatments include total mesometrial resection that could make unnecessary the use of adjuvant radiation; neoadjuvant chemotherapy that could avoid the use of adjuvant radiation in around 85% of patients and preoperative chemoradiation that could make brachytherapy dispensable. The feasibility and therapeutical value of these potential forms of management need to be prospectively evaluated.

3.
BMC Womens Health ; 6: 3, 2006 Feb 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16464243

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Globally, cervical cancer primarily affects socially disadvantaged women. Five randomized trials were the foundation for adopting cisplatin-based chemotherapy during radiation as the standard of care for high-risk patients after primary radical hysterectomy who require adjuvant radiation and for locally advanced patients treated with definitive radiation. These results were obtained in clinical trials performed in carefully prepared academic centers; hence, we sought to determine whether these results could be reproduced when patients were treated on an out-of-protocol basis. METHODS: We reviewed the files of 294 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who received radiation plus weekly cisplatin as routine management between 1999 to 2003, and analyzed treatment compliance, response rate, toxicity, and survival. RESULTS: A total of 294 patients who received radiation and cisplatin were analyzed. Mean age was 43.8 years (range, 26-68 years). The majority of cases were squamous cell carcinoma (87.8%), and distribution according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage was as follows: IB2-IIA, 23%; IIB, 53.3%, and IIIB, 23%; there were only two IVA cases. Overall, 96% of patients completed external beam, and intracavitary therapy. The majority of patients (67%) received the planned six courses of weekly cisplatin. Complete responses were achieved in 243 (83%) patients, whereas 51 (17%) had either persistent (32 patients, 10.8%) or progressive (19 patients, 6.4%) disease. At median follow-up (28 months; range, 2-68 months), 36 patients (12.2%) have relapsed (locally 30.5, and systemically, 69.5%). The most common toxicities were hematologic and gastrointestinal, in the majority of cases considered mild-moderate. At median follow-up (28 months; range, 2-68 months), overall and progression-free survival are 76.5 and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results support use of chemoradiation with six weekly applications of cisplatin at 40 mg/m2 during external radiation for routine management of locally advanced cervical cancer.

4.
Int Semin Surg Oncol ; 3: 3, 2006 Feb 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16457727

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-based chemoradiation is the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer patients; however, neoadjuvant modalities are currently being tested. Neoadjuvant studies in several tumor types have underscored the prognostic significance of pathological response for survival; however there is a paucity of studies in cervical cancer investigating this issue. METHODS: Four cohorts of patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma (stages IB2-IIIB); included prospectively in phase II protocols of either neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 1) cisplatin-gemcitabine, 2) oxaliplatin-gemcitabine, 3) carboplatin-paclitaxel or 4) chemoradiation with cisplatin or cisplatin-gemcitabine followed by radical hysterectomy were analyzed for pathological response and survival. RESULTS: One-hundred and fifty three (86%) of the 178 patients treated within these trials, underwent radical hysterectomy and were analyzed. Overall, the mean age was 44.7 and almost two-thirds were FIGO stage IIB. Pathological response rates were as follows: Complete (pCR) in 60 cases (39.2%), Near-complete (p-Near-CR) in 24 (15.6 %) and partial (pPR) in 69 cases (45.1%). A higher proportion rate of pCR was observed in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (with cisplatin [19/40, 47.5%]; or with cisplatin-gemcitabine [24/41, 58.5%] compared with patients receiving only chemotherapy, 6/23 (26%), 3/8 (37.5%) and 8/41 (19.5%) for cisplatin-gemcitabine, oxaliplatin-gemcitabine and carboplatin-paclitaxel respectively [p = 0.0001]). A total of 29 relapses (18.9%) were documented. The pathological response was the only factor influencing on relapse, since only 4/60 (6.6%) patients with pCR relapsed, compared with 25/93 (26.8%) patients with viable tumor, either pNear-CR or pPR (p = 0.001). Overall survival was 98.3% in patients with pCR versus 83% for patients with either pNear-CR or pPR (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Complete pathological response but no Near-complete and partial responses is associated with longer survival in cervical cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.

5.
BMC Cancer ; 5: 118, 2005 Sep 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16171526

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Most cervical cancer patients with pelvic recurrent or persistent disease are not candidates for exenteration, therefore, they only receive palliative chemotherapy. Here we report the results of a novel treatment modality for these patients pre-exenterative chemotherapy- under the rational that the shrinking of the pelvic tumor would allow its resection. METHODS: Patients with recurrent or persistent disease and no evidence of systemic disease, considered not be candidates for pelvic exenteration because of the extent of pelvic tumor, received 3-courses of platinum-based chemotherapy. Response was evaluated by CT scan and bimanual pelvic examination; however the decision to perform exenteration relied on the physical findings. Toxicity to chemotherapy was evaluated with standard criteria. Survival was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were studied. The median number of chemotherapy courses was 4. There were 9 patients who responded to chemotherapy, evaluated by bimanual examination and underwent pelvic exenteration. Four of them had pathological complete response. Eight patients did not respond and were not subjected to surgery. One patient died due to exenteration complications. At a median follow-up of 11 months, the median survival for the whole group was 11 months, 3 months in the non-operated and 32 months in those subjected to exenteration. CONCLUSION: Pre-exenterative chemotherapy is an alternative for cervical cancer patients that are no candidates for exenteration because of the extent of the pelvic disease. Its place in the management of recurrent disease needs to be investigated in randomized studies, however, its value for offering long-term survival in some of these patients with no other option than palliative care must be stressed.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Area Under Curve , Carboplatin/pharmacology , Cisplatin/pharmacology , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxycytidine/pharmacology , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Fluorouracil/pharmacology , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy , Pelvic Exenteration , Pilot Projects , Recurrence , Time Factors , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality , Gemcitabine
6.
Arch Med Res ; 36(2): 129-35, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15847945

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy with concomitant chemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. In Mexico, most patients are still treated with radiation therapy alone. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that results obtained with combined treatments in the Mexican population are similar to those reported in the literature. METHODS: Survival was analyzed in three sequential phase II studies of combined treatment: neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery (NEOCT+Sx) -February to July 1999; concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CT/RT) -August to December 1999; and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery plus adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NEOCT+Sx+CT/RT) -December 2000 to June 2001. These results were compared with a historical control group treated with radiation therapy alone between September and December 1998. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for analysis. RESULTS: Results showed that the three combined modalities significantly reduced the risk of death. Treatment with NEOCT+Sx reduced the risk to 0.452 (95% CI 0.246-0.830), p=0.010. The risk reduction with CT/RT was 0.408 (95% CI 0.218-0.762), p=0.005, and for the group of patients receiving NEOCT+Sx+CT/RT risk was reduced to 0.365 (95% CI 0.169-0.787), p=0.010. The corresponding absolute survival benefit was 14% for patients in stages IB2-IIA, 24% for IIB, and 21% for stage IIIB. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of a non-randomized study, our results are in agreement with those obtained from published randomized phase III trials which state that radiation therapy alone is a suboptimal treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer; hence, patients should receive cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy as a standard treatment.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/therapy , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy , Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/mortality , Adenocarcinoma/radiotherapy , Adult , Aged , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/mortality , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Survival Rate , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy
7.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys ; 61(3): 817-23, 2005 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15708261

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) with cisplatin (C) concurrent with radiotherapy in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IB2, IIA, and IIB cervical carcinoma in a preoperative setting. The main endpoints were the pathologic response rate and toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 83 patients were randomized to either C or GC. Treatment consisted of six doses of cisplatin at 40 mg/m(2) every week for Arm 1 (C) and six doses of gemcitabine at 125 mg/m(2) plus cisplatin at 40 mg/m(2) every week for or Arm 2 (GC) Both regimens were administered concurrent with 50 Gy of external beam radiotherapy in 2-Gy fractions for 5 weeks. After chemoradiotherapy, patients underwent radical hysterectomy. RESULTS: All 83 patients were studied for toxicity and 80 for response. The complete pathologic response rate in the C arm and GC arm was 55% (95% confidence interval, 35.5-73%) and 77.5% (95% confidence interval, 57-90%; p = 0.0201). Among those with a partial response, 7 patients each had high and intermediate-high risk factors for recurrence in their surgical specimens in the C arm vs. 2 and 3 patients, respectively, with these characteristics in the CG arm. The number of weekly doses and the dose intensity of GC were lower than for C. The time to complete external beam radiotherapy also favored the C arm. The CG combination produced greater GI and hematologic toxicity. CONCLUSION: The radiosensitizing combination of GC achieved a greater pathologic response rate than C in the treatment of cervical cancer.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/therapeutic use , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Adult , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Cisplatin/administration & dosage , Cisplatin/adverse effects , Combined Modality Therapy , Confidence Intervals , Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage , Deoxycytidine/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/adverse effects , Radiotherapy Dosage , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Gemcitabine
8.
Jpn J Clin Oncol ; 34(6): 323-8, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15333684

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy is not indicated in lymph node-negative colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC), even though some cases will present recurrent disease. It is important to identify a subgroup of patients with the highest risk of relapse because of the potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of this study is to define the prognostic factors and describe a method for the selection of this subgroup. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 124 patients with lymph node-negative CRC with complete surgical resection was studied. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to define the prognostic factors associated with CRC-related survival and to develop a method for prediction of recurrence probability. RESULTS: The cohort included 62 women and 62 men with mean age 55.8 years. The mean follow-up period was 11.7 years. T classification of the primary tumor, differentiation grade, carcinoembryonic antigen level, gender and the presence of neural invasion were significant prognostic factors according to the multivariate analysis (final model P=0.00001). Using risk ratios for these prognostic factors, we defined a high-risk group of 78 patients and a low-risk group of 46 patients with 24 and 5 recurrences, respectively (recurrence rates of 30.8% and 10.9% respectively, P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Using these factors, a prognostic scale was developed to predict high risk of recurrence in cases of completely resected CRC and to identify them as a subgroup of patients with potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/nursing , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Cohort Studies , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors
9.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys ; 56(5): 1361-5, 2003 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12873681

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Chemoradiation based on cisplatin, most commonly weekly, is the standard treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer; however, the nephrotoxic potential and the requirement for hydration of cisplatin somewhat restrains its use. The objective of this study was to determine the recommended dose of carboplatin when administered weekly during pelvic radiation (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-four histologically proven, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IIIB patients were treated with standard pelvic RT concurrently with six weekly applications of carboplatin at the following dose levels: 100 mg/m(2), 116 mg/m(2), 133 mg/m(2), and 150 mg/m(2). Six patients per level were treated. Acute toxicity was assessed according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria. The recommended dose was defined as the one that was one level below the level at which dose-limiting toxicity was present in more than one-third of patients. RESULTS: Between September 2001 and July 2002, 24 patients were accrued. All but two completed external beam radiotherapy and intracavitary treatment. The treatment was well tolerated. The median number of weekly applications of carboplatin was six, and the mean dose to points A and B was 85.6 Gy (range 75.2-91.6) and 62.9 Gy (range 58.2-74.6), respectively. RT was delivered within 41.7 days (range 33-70). Dose-limiting toxicity (leukopenia and/or neutropenia) was present in 50% of patients treated at the higher dose level (150 mg/m(2)). At the recommended dose of 133 mg/m(2), 33% of patients presented with Grade 3 leukopenia. At treatment completion, 75% of patients had a complete clinical response. CONCLUSION: Carboplatin at 133 mg/m(2), weekly for 6 weeks, is a well tolerated and effective radiosensitizer in cervical cancer patients.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Carboplatin/therapeutic use , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy , Adult , Aged , Carboplatin/adverse effects , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
10.
Am J Clin Oncol ; 26(1): 22-5, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12576919

ABSTRACT

Induction chemotherapy followed by surgery, particularly with newer agents or combinations, remains to be explored in locally advanced cervical cancer. Gemcitabine cisplatin is a very active combination for this tumor, therefore we explored the activity of gemcitabine in combination with oxaliplatin. Ten untreated patients with histologic diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and staged as IB2 to IIIB were treated with 3 21-day courses of oxaliplatin 130 mg/m day 1 and gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m days 1 and 8 followed by locoregional treatment with either surgery or concomitant chemoradiation. Response and toxicity were evaluated at the end of chemotherapy. All patients were evaluable. The overall clinical response rate was 80%, being complete in 3 patients (30%) and partial in 5 (50%). Seven (70%) patients underwent surgery, and three (30%) had chemoradiation as definitive treatment. Hematologic toxicity was moderate, with leukopenia grades III-IV in 17 and 0%; granulocytopenia grades III-IV in 23 and 3%, respectively. Eight patients had grade I oropharyngeal toxicity. At a median follow-up of 11 months (range: 10-12), all patients are disease free. Gemcitabine oxaliplatin is a very active and well-tolerated combination for locally advanced cervical cancer.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/radiotherapy , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Adult , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/surgery , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Combined Modality Therapy , Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Organoplatinum Compounds/administration & dosage , Oxaliplatin , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Gemcitabine
13.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 46(4): 242-246, oct.-dic. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-302957

ABSTRACT

El vómito y la náusea inducida por agentes citotóxicos frecuentemente limita la utilización de agentes efectivos pero emetizantes como el cisplatino. Este fue un estudio comparativo de Granisetron versus metoclopramida más dexametasona que evaluó la eficacia y efectos colaterales en las primeras 24 horas en ambos grupos. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer candidatos a recibir cisplatino a una dosis mayor de 49 mg/m2 con hoja de consentimiento informado. Se excluyeron pacientes que hubieran tenido náusea o vómito previo al tratamiento. Se administró Granisetron 40 m g/kg diluido en 20 mL de la solución salina para infusión intravenosa de cinco minutos previo a cisplatino en un grupo y en el otro se administró dexametasona 12 mg diluidos en 50 mL de solución salina para infusión de 30 minutos y metoclopramida 3 mg/kg I.V. en 30 minutos seguido de 4 mg/kg en infusión intravenosa para 8 hrs. Se consideró respuesta completa cuando los pacientes no tuvieron vómito ni náusea o sólo náusea leve. Hubo veintiún pacientes en el grupo de Granisetron y 19 en el grupo de tratamiento estándar. Obtuvimos respuesta completa (RC) del 66.6 por ciento en el grupo de Granisetron vs 73.68 por ciento en el grupo control, se presentó 20 por ciento de extrapiramidalismo de intensidad moderada en el grupo control (p=0.89), mientras que sólo el 9.5 por ciento del grupo de Granisetron presentó cefalea. Granisetron fue tan eficaz como la combinación con metoclopramida con la ventaja de tener muy pocos efectos adversos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Cisplatin , Dexamethasone , Granisetron , Metoclopramide , Antiemetics/pharmacology
14.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 46(3): 175-178, jul.-sept. 2000. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-302947

ABSTRACT

Gemcitabina es un agente activo en el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón (CPCNP). El tratamiento semanal con gemcitabina, como agente único, ha mostrado respuestas del 20 al 26 por ciento. Este estudio fase 2 fue realizado para determinar la eficacia y seguridad de gemcitabina 1000 mg/m2, administrado semanalmente. Por tres semanas, seguido de una de descanso (ciclos de 28 días): los pacientes requirieron tener evidencia histológica de CPCNP y enfermedad avanzada; estado de desempeño de Zubrod de 0 a 2 y enfermedad medible. No se permitió que hubieran recibido tratamiento previo. Veinte pacientes, diez hombres y diez mujeres con una edad promedio de 60 años fueron incluidos en el estudio. La mayor parte de los pacientes (doce pacientes, 60 por ciento) tuvieron EC IIIb y, diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma (trece pacientes, 65 por ciento). Cuatro pacientes (20 por ciento) tuvieron EC IIIa y otros cuatro (20 por ciento) tuvieron EC IV, siete pacientes (35 por ciento) tuvieron variedad histológica epidermoide. Los pacientes recibieron un total de 62 ciclos y un promedio de 3.1 ciclos de terapia con gemcitabina. De los dieciocho pacientes que se incluyeron para evaluar eficacia, en seis se obtuvo respuesta parcial con un porcentaje de respuesta del 33.3 por ciento. La supervivencia media fue de siete meses (dos a 15 meses) con un tiempo medio libre de enfermedad de 3.5 m (1-15 meses) y un año de supervivencia del 22.2 por ciento. Toxicidad hematológica grado 3 y 4 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) fue observada en menos del 2 por ciento de todos los ciclos. La toxicidad más común grado 3 y 4 no hematológica fue náusea y vómito observada en menos del 5 por ciento de los ciclos. Elevación transitoria de transaminasas se observó en menos del 4 por ciento de los ciclos. Un paciente presentó hepatitis fulminante y rash generalizado que, a consideración de los investigadores, se debió a una reacción de hipersensibilidad por toxicidad de la gemcitabina. En conclusión, gemcitabina como agente único en administración semanal de 1000 mg/m2 es segura y efectiva en el tratamiento del CPCNP avanzado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
16.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 46(2): 93-8, abr.-jun. 2000. graf, CD-ROM
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-294882

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Cáncer cervicouterino ocupa el primer lugar en frecuencia en México; el 76 por ciento de los casos se diagnostican en etapas avanzadas. Las enfermas en etapa clínica IVA representan casi el 5 por ciento de los casos, son un grupo particular de pacientes, debido al deterioro del estado general, al involucro de estructuras adyacentes al cérvix y a la repercusión de la función renal, por lo que el tratamiento estándar sufre hasta del 70 por ciento de fallas debido a diferentes razones. Objetivo. Analizar la experiencia obtenida en el grupo de pacientes con cáncer cervicouterino etapa clínica IVA, estirpe epidermoide, atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante el periodo de 1984 a 1998. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de expedientes clínicos de pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de cérvix etapa clínica IVA con tratamiento completo en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y con seguimiento clínico mínimo de seis meses. Se analizaron características demográficas, extensión de la enfermedad, hallazgos de laboratorio, estudios de imagen, endoscópicos, modalidades terapéuticas, complicaciones y evolución. Resultados. Del universo de 127 pacientes fueron seleccionadas exclusivamente 21 mujeres en etapa clínica IVA que reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Edad promedio de 49 años. Nivel socioeconómico bajo en el 80 por ciento. El 66 por ciento poseían un Karnofsky igual o mayor al 80 por ciento. En el 52 por ciento se presentó algún tipo de fístula a vejiga y/o recto. La radioterapia con 10 cGy no modificó el curso de la enfermedad ni los síntomas. Todas las enfermas que recibieron el esquema completo de teleterapia y braquiterapia (50 cGy) en dosis de 1.8 y 2 cGy por sesión, braquiterapia a dosis de 30-40 cGy, para una dosis acumulada de aproximadamente 85 cGy al punto A, sin evidencia de afección renal y/o vías urinarias, tuvieron el mejor control local de la enfermedad y promedio de supervivencia de 23.5 meses. En presencia de fístula o daño renal, el manejo quirúrgico radical exenterativo o derivativo ofreció la mejor alternativa paliativa. Conclusiones. En ausencia de complicaciones locorregionales, la radioterapia combinada es la mejor opción terapéutica en este grupo de pacientes. En presencia de afección locorregional debe considerarse la cirugía radical paliativa


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Triage , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Uterine Neoplasms/drug therapy , Uterine Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Uterine Neoplasms/surgery , Combined Modality Therapy
17.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 46(1): 21-27, ene.-mar. 2000. tab, CD-ROM
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-294872

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes. El cáncer de cérvix es el tumor maligno más frecuente en México. Estudios fase II de quimioterapia neoadyuvante seguida de cirugía en pacientes con estadios clínicos IB2 y IIA sugieren un beneficio en cuanto a control local y supervivencia en comparación con radioterapia sola. Objetivo. Determinar si la quimioterapia neoadyuvante seguida de cirugía mejora la supervivencia en comparación a radioterapia en pacientes con cáncer epidermoide de cérvix estadios IB2 y IIA. Pacientes y métodos. Pacientes en estadios IB2 y IIA de acuerdo a la clasificación de la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FIGO) fueron asignadas de manera aleatoria para recibir quimioterapia neoadyuvante con el siguiente esquema: cisplatino 50 mg/m2 d1, vincristina 1.5 mg/m2 d1 y bleomicina 20 mg/m2 d1, d2 y d3 (PVB) en infusión intravenosa continua. Los ciclos se administraron cada 10 días por tres veces. Después de la quimioterapia, las pacientes fueron sometidas a histerectomía radical y linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral. Se administró radioterapia adyuvante en caso de ganglios pélvicos positivos; afección parametrial; margen quirúrgico positivo e invasión estromal mayor de dos tercios del espesor cervical. Las pacientes del brazo de radioterapia recibieron una combinación de teleterapia y braquiterapia a una dosis de 8,500 y 5,500 cGy a los puntos A y B, respectivamente. Resultados. El estudio fue planeado para incluir 80 pacientes por brazo, pero se terminó de manera prematura por lo que sólo se incluyeron 20 enfermas (10 por brazo). La respuesta global a la quimioterapia fue del 90 por ciento y nueve de ellas fueron sometidas a cirugía. Nueve de las diez pacientes asignadas a radiación que completaron el tratamiento obtuvieron respuesta completa. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado en ambos grupos de mujeres. A un seguimiento máximo de 14 meses, una paciente en cada brazo ha recaído. Conclusión. Los resultados preliminares de este estudio sugieren que la quimioterapia neoadyuvante con PVB es factible, produce alto índice de respuestas y parece disminuir la presencia de factores patológicos de alto riesgo para recurrencia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/adverse effects , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Bleomycin/therapeutic use , Cisplatin/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , Patient Selection , Vincristine/therapeutic use
18.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 45(4): 217-24, oct.-dic. 1999. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266906

ABSTRACT

El carcinoma de cérvix en etapa clínica IB1 hasta el IIA puede ser tratado mediante cirugía radical o radioterapia con resultados similares. Sin embargo, la elección dependerá de cada caso en particular. La histectomía radical con linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral y muestreo de ganglios paraaórticos ofrece la oportunidad de poder disponer de la pieza quirúrgica para estudio histopatológico y de brindar una serie de parámetros pronósticos y predictores de recurrencia, que en un momento dado pueden normar la decisión en el tratamiento adyuvante de esta pacientes. Se han descrito infinidad de factores asociados al pronóstico: tamaño del tumor, permeación vascular y linfática, profundidad de la lesión, grado histológico, presencia de enfermedad ganglionar metastásica, angiogénesis, presencia de infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), infiltrado linfocitario peritumoral y edad, entre otros, Objetivos. Determinar los posibles factores pronóstico de recurrencia y definir el perfil de alto riesgo para falla a tratamiento quirúrgico. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en paciente con cáncer cervicouterino epidermoide tratadas con histerectomía radical, atendidas entre el 1 de enero de 1989 y el 31 de diciembre de 1995 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México. Fueron evaluados diferentes parámetros para posible riesgo de falla a tratamiento: edad; tamaño del tumor; etapa clínica; grado de diferenciación: permeación vascular y linfática; estatus ganglionar; profundidad de invasión al estroma y a parametrios; márgenes quirúrgicos; queratinización celular y presencia del virus del papiloma humano. Todas las pacientes se estadificaron de acuerdo a los lineamientos de la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Hysterectomy , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Survivors/statistics & numerical data , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis
19.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 45(4): 230-42, oct.-dic. 1999. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266909

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Desde 1948, la exenteración pélvica ha sido la alternativa de tratamiento en el rescate para pacientes con recurrencia por cáncer en la pelvis, sobre todo de tipo ginecológico. El procedimiento original ha sido modificado infinidad de ocasiones en un intento por mejorar el estado general y la calidad de vida de las pacientes sometidas a esta intervención. Objetivo. Efectuamos una revisión de la literatura y transmitimos la evaluación sobre el abordaje integral de las pacientes con recurrencia por cáncer ginecológico, con especial énfasis en el manejo perioperatorio estándar de las pacientes candidatas a esta intervención. Material y métodos. Revisión de la literatura, y análisis crítico de los departamentos involucrados, en el manejo perioperatorio de estas pacientes. Se describen con detalle desde el proceso de selección de las mujeres candidatas, rutas de manejo, monitoreo, evaluaciones preoperatorias, técnica quirúrgica más comúnmente empleada en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, hasta los cuidados posoperatorios y seguimiento de las pacientes. Resultados. Resultados. La selección meticulosa de las pacientes candidatas al procedimiento se inicia desde la primera entrevista con evaluación del entorno de la pacientes, soporte familiar, factibilidad económica y decision final por parte de la paciente. Participación de un equipo quirúrgico y de enfermería, multidisplinario, familiarizado con el procedimiento y colaborando sincrónicamente en las fases exenterativa y de reconstrucción. Apego y compromiso en la vigilancia estrecha del posoperatorio y evolución a corto, mediano y largo plazo de las pacientes. Conclusiones. El éxito de este tipo de procedimiento requiere pacientes bien seleccionadas, en centro oncológicos de experiencia, participación multidisciplinaria durante la resección quirúrgica, pero sobre todo del compromiso real por parte del equipo quirúrgico y de enfermería durante el manejo posoperatorio


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cecostomy , Pelvic Exenteration/instrumentation , Pelvic Exenteration/methods , Pelvic Neoplasms/surgery , Pelvic Exenteration/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications
20.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Cancerol. (Méx.) ; 45(3): 144-52, jul.-sept. 1999. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266291

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Cáncer y embarazo es una asociación poco común; sin embargo, constituye una tragedia y un desafío en la oncología. El periodo de la organogénesis es el más crítico del embarazo. Algunas neoplasias pueden además dar metástasis a la placenta o al feto o hacia ambos. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que el embarazo constituye un estado de inmunosupresión que posiblemente influya en la conducta biológica del tumor hacia el huésped, pudiendo tener estas neoplasias un comportamiento más agresivo. Objetivo. Evaluar los casos asociados a embarazo tratados en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, para conocer las neoplasias que más se asociaron y el posible impacto en la conducta biológica del tumor. Material y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las pacientes con cáncer y embarazo atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología entre 1987 a 1997. Se evaluaron variables clínicas e histopatológicas. Se hizo especial énfasis en lo referente a esquemas de tratamiento y supervivencia de las pacientes y sus productos. Resultados. Identificamos 119 casos de cáncer asociados al embarazo. Entre éstos, sólo se registró un caso, respectivamente, de las siguientes neoplasias: cáncer renal, de pulmón, de endometrio y melanoma; también se identificaron dos casos con cáncer de recto, otros dos con sarcomas y dos más con leucemia; hubo tres casos de cáncer de tiroides, cuatro de enfermedad de Hodgkin y cuatro de no-Hodgkin; se registraron 16 casos de cáncer cervicouterino, 27 de tumores de ovario y, finalmente, 51 de cáncer de mama. En todos los casos, el tratamiento aplicado fue el estándar de acuerdo a la etapa clínica. No se observaron complicaciones de malformaciones, con excepción de dos mujeres con cáncer de mama que recibieron quimioterapia en el primer trimestre del embarazo abortaron, el restro concluyeron sus embarazos con productos de término y normales...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced , Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/drug therapy , Neoplasms/complications , Neoplasm Staging/adverse effects , Neoplasm Staging/mortality
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