ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To know the distribution of phenotypes Lp(a) in an young population. METHODS: Lipoprotein levels, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins and the Lp(a) phenotypes were determined in 105 children, selected according to their cholesterol concentrations. RESULTS: The Lp(a) concentrations were significantly higher in group with low molecular weight respect to group with high molecular weight. The most frequent isoform was S3. CONCLUSIONS: The Lp(a) concentrations correlate inversely with the molecular weight of Apo(a) isoforms.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression/genetics , Lipoprotein(a)/genetics , Adolescent , Apolipoproteins A/blood , Apolipoproteins A/genetics , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Apolipoproteins B/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods , Female , Humans , Immunoblotting , Lipoprotein(a)/blood , Male , Molecular Weight , Myocardial Ischemia/blood , Myocardial Ischemia/genetics , Phenotype , Population Surveillance , Protein Isoforms/genetics , SpainABSTRACT
Sudden infant crib syndrome in nursing newborns means the syndrome which affects those babies less than one year old whose death can not be explained even after the conclusion of an in depth investigation. This article explains the causes currently provided as possible factors which cause this syndrome, risk factors supported by epidemiological data and preventive measures including the monitoring of babies deemed to be at risk. The authors also specify what this monitoring consists of and they elaborate a proposed nurses' action plan for the newborn and his/her family for those cases in which monitoring is taking place. The authors also present a proposed nurses' action plan in the event of a newborn's death due to this syndrome.
Subject(s)
Sudden Infant Death/etiology , Sudden Infant Death/prevention & control , Humans , Infant , Infant Care/methods , Infant, Newborn , Monitoring, Physiologic , Patient Care Planning , Posture , Primary Prevention/methods , Risk Factors , Sudden Infant Death/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of study was to know the lipoproteins distribution in children and adolescents from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain, and to compare with other studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample included 3,635 children and adolescents (1,853 males and 1,782 females), 4 to 18 years of age. We measured total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with enzymatic methods, the HDL-cholesterol concentration in the supernatant after precipitation of the rest of the lipoproteins, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were calculated by Friedewald formula. RESULTS: Total cholesterol levels were 174 +/- 25 mg/dl (4.50 +/- 0.64 mmol/l), triglycerides 60 +/- 24 mg/dl (0.67 +/- 0.28 mmol/l), LDL-cholesterol 100 +/- 22 mg/dl (2.59 +/- 0.58 mmol/l), HDL-cholesterol 61 +/- 13 mg/dl (1.6 +/- 0.34 mmol/l). 19.23% of the children studied had cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl (> 5.18 mmol/l), and 41.5% of them had levels higher than 180 mg/dl (> 4.66 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: The cholesterol levels as well as the HDL-cholesterol levels in the student population of Madrid, Spain, were higher when compared to other studies. Less variation was found in the LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , SpainABSTRACT
Increased plasma lipoprotein(a)-Lp(a)-levels are linked to a high risk of cardiovascular disease unrelated to other lipoproteins. It seems that Lp(a) values in childhood remain unaltered up to adulthood. In a randomly chosen population of 1970 children, aged from 4 to 18 years and living in a Spanish community, the following serum parameters were studied: total cholesterol, total triglycerides, Lp(a), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Mean Lp(a) serum values were 15.0 +/- 14.7 mg dl-1. No differences were seen between either sex in the first years of childhood. Of the studied children, 15.1% presented Lp(a) concentrations above 30 mg dl-1. A correlation between Lp(a) and total cholesterol concentrations, which disappeared when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were corrected according to cholesterol present in Lp(a), was observed.
Subject(s)
Child Development/physiology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Lipoprotein(a)/blood , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Reference Values , Sampling Studies , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
We studied 1,274 healthy children of both sexes from 10 until 18 years of age, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid. We knew the tobacco consumption by means of direct asking to the children, without the presence of their parents. We studied the smoking habit of their parents by means of inquiries. The percentage of smoker children was 30% (24% of them had smoker parents, and 6% did not). We studied the tobacco influence in several parameters of cardiovascular risk; it was found that C-HDL levels in the smoker children were 5 mg/dl lower than the non-smokers, and the ratio C-LDL/C-HDL in the smokers was 1,2 times greater than in the non-smokers.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Smoking/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Child , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Parents , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Spain , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We have studied 1,939 healthy children of both sexes (1.003 boys and 936 girls), aged from 4 to 18 years, of the city of Fuenlabrada (Madrid). The following parameters were determined: blood pressure, weight, height, triccipital folds, the rohrer index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, blood sugar and uric acid. The results of the blood pressure have been expressed by means of percentiles in relation with age, weight, and height. The correlation coefficients have been statistically significant for the height, weight, age, triccipital skinfolds, triglycerides and C-VLDL. We have relationed our results with other national and international studies.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Lipoproteins/blood , Adolescent , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Lipids/blood , Male , Reference Values , Skinfold Thickness , Spain , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
We studied in 2,153 children of both sexes from birth until 18 years of age, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid, the following parameters: the height, weight, tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, glycemia, uric acid and smoking habits. We obtained the next mean values: Total cholesterol (TC), 166 +/- 36 mg/dl; triglycerides, 63 +/- 39 mg/dl; HDL-C, 53 +/- 13 mg/dl; LDL-C, 102 +/- 34 mg/dl; VLDL-C, 13 +/- 6 mg/dl. TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels did not present any significant differences with respect to sex until 12 years of age. But they were significantly higher in girls than in boys in adolescence. In contrast, TG and VLDL-C levels were higher in girls than in boys until 12 years of age, they did not present any difference in adolescence. The significant change of the lipoproteinic pattern in adolescence is connected with the hormonal distribution that is produced in puberty.
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Adolescent , Age Factors , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Reference Values , Skinfold Thickness , Smoking , Spain , Triglycerides/blood , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
The infant nutrition is surveyed on 1893 children of both sexes, aged from 0 to 18 years, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid. The percent of children with breast feeding has strongly decreased (47%) during the period 1965-1983, so its endurance has shortened (15%). The kind of feeding is related to the age mother and her smoking habit. The statistical correlation between the newborn intake and the cardiovascular risk factors is studied; no significant differences are found, excepting a temporary increase of the total cholesterol during the first quarter of life.
