Continuous tissue glucose monitoring correlates with measurement of intermittent capillary glucose in patients with distributive shock / La monitorización continua de la glucosa de tejido se correlaciona con la medición de glucosa capilar intermitente en pacientes con shock distributivo

BACKGROUND: Intermittent glycemic measurements in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) can result in episodes of severe hypoglycemia or in a poor control of glycemia range. We designed a study to assess accuracy and reliability of continuous monitoring of tissue glucose for patients with distributive shock. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of distributive shock and the need of insulin infusion for glycemic control were included in the study. These patients were implanted a Continuous Glucose Control Monitoring System (CGMS) with the sensor inserted subcutaneously into the abdominal wall. CGMS values were recorded every 5min. Capillary glucose (CG) was monitored for adjusting insulin perfusion according to the ICU protocol. Correlation between both methods was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 11,673 CGMS and 348 CG values were recorded. In five patients, CGMS failed to detect tissue glucose. A glucose value < 3.33 mmol/l (< 60 mg/dl) was observed in 3.6% of CGMS and in 0.29% CG values. 295 pairs of measurements were included in the statistical analysis for correlation assessment. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.706. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.71 (p < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.65-0.76). The mean of differences between both measurement methods was 0.22 mmol/l (3.98 mg/dl) (95% CI 0.66-7.31). CONCLUSIONS: When the Continuous Glucose Control Monitoring System (CGMS) is able to obtain data (75% of the patients), there is correlation between the values obtained by this method and capillary blood glucose in patients with distributive shock. CGMS can detect more episodes of glycemic excursions outside the normal range than intermittent capillary glucose monitoring. Variables that may impair glucose metabolism and peripheral soft tissues perfusion could impair CGMS measurements

ANTECEDENTES: la medición de glucemia intermitente pueden provocar episodios de hipoglucemia severa o un mal control glucémico en los pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Diseñamos un estudio para evaluar la exactitud y fiabilidad de la monitorización continua de glucosa tisular en pacientes con shock distributivo. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en la UCI con el diagnóstico de shock distributivo y la necesidad de insulina en perfusión para el control glucémico. A estos pacientes se les implantó un Sistema de Monitorización Continua de la Glucosa Tisular (CGMS) con un sensor insertado en tejido subcutáneo de la pared abdominal. CGMS valores se registraron cada cinco minutos. La glucosa capilar (GC) fue monitorizada para ajustar la perfusión de insulina de acuerdo con el protocolo de la UCI. Se evaluó la correlación entre ambos métodos. RESULTADOS: Se registraron un total de 11.673 valores de CGMS y 348 valores de CG. En cinco pacientes, la CGMS no pudo ser detectada. Un valor de glucosa < 3,33 mmol/l (< 60 mg/dl) se observó en 3,6% de los valores de CGMS y en el 0,29% de los valores de CG. 295 pares de mediciones se incluyeron en el análisis estadístico para la evaluación de la correlación. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,706. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson fue de 0,71 (p < 0,0001; IC 95% 0,65-0,76). La media de las diferencias entre los dos métodos de medición fue de 0,22 mmol/l (3,98 mg/dl) (IC 95% 0,66 a 7,31). CONCLUSIONES: Cuando el sensor de medición de glucosa tisular continua es capaz de obtener datos (75% de los pacientes), existe correlación entre los valores obtenidos mediante este método y la glucemia capilar en los pacientes que presentan shock distributivo. CGMS puede detectar más episodios de excursiones glucémicas fuera del rango de normalidad que la monitorización intermitente de glucosa capilar. Variables que pueden perjudicar el metabolismo de la glucosa y la perfusión periférica de los tejidos blandos podrían afectar las mediciones CGMS

Continuous tissue glucose monitoring correlates with measurement of intermittent capillary glucose in patients with distributive shock.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent glycemic measurements in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) can result in episodes of severe hypoglycemia or in a poor control of glycemia range. We designed a study to assess accuracy and reliability of continuous monitoring of tissue glucose for patients with distributive shock. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of distributive shock and the need of insulin infusion for glycemic control were included in the study. These patients were implanted a Continuous Glucose Control Monitoring System (CGMS) with the sensor inserted subcutaneously into the abdominal wall. CGMS values were recorded every 5min. Capillary glucose (CG) was monitored for adjusting insulin perfusion according to the ICU protocol. Correlation between both methods was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 11,673 CGMS and 348 CG values were recorded. In five patients, CGMS failed to detect tissue glucose. A glucose value <3.33mmol/l (<60mg/dl) was observed in 3.6% of CGMS and in 0.29% CG values. 295 pairs of measurements were included in the statistical analysis for correlation assessment. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.706. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.71 (p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.65-0.76). The mean of differences between both measurement methods was 0.22mmol/l (3.98mg/dl) (95% CI 0.66-7.31). CONCLUSIONS: When the Continuous Glucose Control Monitoring System (CGMS) is able to obtain data (75% of the patients), there is correlation between the values obtained by this method and capillary blood glucose in patients with distributive shock. CGMS can detect more episodes of glycemic excursions outside the normal range than intermittent capillary glucose monitoring. Variables that may impair glucose metabolism and peripheral soft tissues perfusion could impair CGMS measurements.

A new thoracic interfascial plane block as anesthesia for difficult weaning due to ribcage pain in critically ill patients / Nuevo bloqueo del plano interfascial torácico como anestesia para retiradas dificultosas de ventilación mecánica a causa de dolor torácico, en pacientes críticos

No disponible

Posición inusual de cables de marcapasos a través de vena cava superior izquierda / Unusual position of a pacemaker cable

No disponible

[Absence of benefit with triple antiaggregation in acute non persistent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients not subjected to early interventionism]. / Ausencia de beneficio con triple antiagregación en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación persistente del segmento ST, en pacientes no sometidos a intervencionismo precoz.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment with clopidogrel when associated or not to the treatment with tirofiban and aspirin for high-risk non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), without early angioplasty. SETTING: Intensive Care and Coronary Unit (ICCU), in a center with no Hemodynamic Laboratory. DESIGN: Non randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-three patients admitted with the diagnosis of high-risk non-STEMI, defined as patients with chest pain and one of the following: ST segment depression or transient elevation or an elevation in cardiac troponin I (TropIc). INTERVENTIONS: We included patients admitted in a 24-month period. During the first 12-month period, the patients received tirofiban and clopidogrel (group A). In the second one, clopidogrel was not administered (group B). Urgent cardiac catheterism was requested if recurrent ischemic chest pain with ST segment changes, left ventricular failure or hemodynamic instability were present. PRIMARY VARIABLES: A composite of recurrent ischemic chest pain with ST segment changes or death during ICCU admission was evaluated as an efficacy variable. A variable of safety was defined as the occurrence of intracranial or gastrointestinal bleeding, or any hemorrhagic event accompanied by a drop of at least 3 g/dl of hemoglobin. The rate of urgent cardiac catheterisms was recorded. RESULTS: Neither the rate of the efficacy variable (19.6 % in group A and 19.4% in group B; p = 0.97), nor the rate of the safety variable (3.5% and 2.9% of patients in groups A and B, p = 1) showed statistically significant difference. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of urgent cardiac catheterism (19.6% in group A and 13.4% in group B; p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: In the early course of high-risk non-STEMI with a conservative management strategy, the addition of clopidogrel to tirofiban does not change the rate of ischemic events, death, need of urgent catheterism or hemorrhagic events.

Ausencia de beneficio con triple antiagregación en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación persistente del segmento ST, en pacientes no sometidos a intervencionismo precoz / Absence of benefit with tripleantiaggregation in acute non persistent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients not subjected to early interventionism

Objetivo. Valorar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento con clopidogrel cuando se asocia o no al tratamiento con tirofibán más ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación persistente del segmento ST (SCASEST) de alto riesgo, sin intervencionismo precoz. Ámbito. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), en centro sin laboratorio de hemodinámica. Diseño. Ensayo clínico sin asignación aleatoria. Pacientes. Ciento veintitrés pacientes con SCASEST de alto riesgo, definido como dolor torácico y uno de los siguientes: descenso del segmento ST o ascenso transitorio o aumento de troponina I cardíaca (TropIc). Intervenciones. Estudio desarrollado durante veinticuatro meses. Los primeros doce meses el tratamiento incluía tirofibán y clopidogrel (grupo A); en los siguientes doce meses, el clopidogrel no se administraba (grupo B). El cateterismo cardíaco urgente se solicitó si aparecía dolor torácico recurrente con cambios en el segmento ST, fallo ventricular izquierdo o inestabilidad hemodinámica. Variables principales. Se evaluó una variable de eficacia, formada por la combinación de la aparición de dolor torácico con cambios en el segmento ST o muerte durante la estancia en la UCI, y una variable de seguridad, definida por la existencia de hemorragias intracraneales, digestivas o aquellas asociadas a una disminución de hemoglobina de al menos 3 g/dl. Se registró la frecuencia de realización de cateterismo urgente. Resultados. No hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en la frecuencia de la variable de eficacia (19,6% en el grupo A y 19,4% en el grupo B; p = 0,97), ni en la de seguridad (3,5 y 2,9% en los grupos A y B respectivamente; p = 1). Tampoco existió diferencia estadística significativa en la realización de cateterismo urgente (19,6% en el grupo A y 13,4% en el grupo B; p = 0,35). Conclusiones. En el curso inicial del SCASEST de alto riesgo con una estrategia de tratamiento conservadora, la adición de clopidogrel al tirofibán no modifica la aparición de eventos isquémicos, muerte o necesidad de cateterismo urgente, ni se asocia a un incremento de complicaciones hemorrágicas

Objective. To assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment with clopidogrel when associated or not to the treatment with tirofiban and aspirin for high-risk non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), without early angioplasty. Setting. Intensive Care and Coronary Unit (ICCU), in a center with no Hemodynamic Laboratory. Design. Non randomized clinical trial. Participants. One hundred and twenty-three patients admitted with the diagnosis of high-risk non-STEMI, defined as patients with chest pain and one of the following: ST segment depression or transient elevation or an elevation in cardiac troponin I (TropIc). Interventions. We included patients admitted in a 24-month period. During the first 12-month period, the patients received tirofiban and clopidogrel (group A). In the second one, clopidogrel was not administered (group B). Urgent cardiac catheterism was requested if recurrent ischemic chest pain with ST segment changes, left ventricular failure or hemodynamic instability were present. Primary variables. A composite of recurrent ischemic chest pain with ST segment changes or death during ICCU admission was evaluated as an efficacy variable. A variable of safety was defined as the occurrence of intracranial or gastrointestinal bleeding, or any hemorrhagic event accompanied by a drop of at least 3 g/dl of hemoglobin. The rate of urgent cardiac catheterisms was recorded. Results. Neither the rate of the efficacy variable (19.6 % in group A and 19.4% in group B; p = 0.97), nor the rate of the safety variable (3.5% and 2.9% of patients in groups A and B, p = 1) showed statistically significant difference. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of urgent cardiac catheterism (19.6% in group A and 13.4% in group B; p = 0.35). Conclusions. In the early course of high-risk non-STEMI with a conservative management strategy, the addition of clopidogrel to tirofiban does not change the rate of ischemic events, death, need of urgent catheterism or hemorrhagic events

[Sedoanalgesia with remifentanil in definitive pacemaker implant]. / Sedoanalgesia con remifentanilo en el implante de marcapasos definitivo.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the use of remifentanil in definitive pacemaker implant. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SCOPE: Intensive Care Unit of two general hospitals. PATIENTS: Ninety-four patients subjected to DPM implant under sedation with remifentanil. INTERVENTIONS: The protocol for DPM implant was conducted: premedication with metoclopramide, remifentanil perfusion (20 micro g/ml), local infiltration with mepivacaine 2%, administration of magnesium metamizole at the end of the implant and posterior discontinuation of remifentanil. Remifentanil perfusion was initiated at 2 micro g/minute, increasing it until reaching a sedation grade 2-3 on the Ramsay scale, with a maximum of 6 micro g/minute. MAIN ENDPOINTS: Time needed to reach the desired sedation grade and duration of sedation, maximum dose of remifentanil necessary, frequency that another sedation was needed and of adverse events were recorded. Continuous quantitative endpoints were expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: A sedation grade 2-3 was achieved with a perfusion rhythm of 3.6 +/- 1.4 micro g/min, in 20 +/- 22 minutes. In 89 patients (94.6%), the implant was performed only with remifentanil. Frequency of adverse events were nauseas/vomiting 21.3%, hypotension 5.3% and respiratory depression 1%. Remifentanil perfusion was discontinued in 3 patients (3.2%) due to appearance of adverse events. Another sedoanalgesic was used in 2 patients (2.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil is useful in the implant of DPM as a sedoanalgesia method. Serious undesired effects are rare. Future studies are necessary to completely establish its effectiveness and safety in these types of procedures.

Sedoanalgesia con remifentanilo en el implante de marcapasos definitivo / Sedoanalgesia with remifentanilin definitive pacemaker implant

Objetivo. Describir el empleo de remifentanilo en el implante de marcapasos definitivo. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo observacional. Ámbito. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de dos hospitales generales. Pacientes. Noventa y cuatro pacientes sometidos a implante de marcapasos definitivo (MPD) bajo sedación con remifentanilo. Intervenciones. Se llevó a cabo el protocolo para implantación de MPD: premedicación con metoclopramida, perfusión de remifentanilo (20 µg/ml), infiltración local con mepivacaína 2%, administración de metamizol magnésico al terminar el implante y suspensión posterior de remifentanilo. La perfusión de remifentanilo se inició con 2 µg/minuto, incrementándola hasta alcanzar un grado de sedación 2-3 en la escala de Ramsay, con un máximo de 6 µg/minuto. Variables principales. Se registraron los tiempos transcurridos en alcanzar el grado de sedación deseado y de permanencia de la sedación, la dosis máxima necesaria de remifentanilo, la frecuencia con la que se necesitó otra sedación y la de efectos adversos. Las variables cuantitativas continuas se expresaron como media ± desviación estándar (DE). Resultados. Un grado de sedación 2-3 se consiguió con un ritmo de perfusión de 3,6 ± 1,4 µg/minuto, en 20 ± 22 minutos. En 89 pacientes (94,6%) el implante se llevó a cabo con remifentanilo exclusivamente. La frecuencia de efectos adversos fueron náuseas/vómitos 21,3%, hipotensión 5,3% y depresión respiratoria 1%. La perfusión de remifentanilo fue suspendida en 3 pacientes (3,2%) por la aparición de efectos adversos. Se empleó otra sedoanalgesia en 2 pacientes (2,1%). Conclusiones. El remifentanilo es útil en el implante de MPD como método de sedoanalgesia. Los efectos indeseables graves son poco frecuentes. Son necesarios futuros estudios para establecer completamente su efectividad y seguridad en este tipo de procedimientos

Objective. Describe the use of remifentanil in definitive pacemaker implant. Design. Prospective, observational study. Scope. Intensive Care Unit of two general hospitals. Patients. Ninety-four patients subjected to DPM implant under sedation with remifentanil. Interventions. The protocol for DPM implant was conducted: premedication with metoclopramide, remifentanil perfusion (20 µg/ml), local infiltration with mepivacaine 2%, administration of magnesium metamizole at the end of the implant and posterior discontinuation of remifentanil. Remifentanil perfusion was initiated at 2 µg/minute, increasing it until reaching a sedation grade 2-3 on the Ramsay scale, with a maximum of 6 µg/minute. Main endpoints. Time needed to reach the desired sedation grade and duration of sedation, maximum dose of remifentanil necessary, frequency that another sedation was needed and of adverse events were recorded. Continuous quantitative endpoints were expressed as mean ± SD. Results. A sedation grade 2-3 was achieved with a perfusion rhythm of 3.6 ± 1.4 µg/min, in 20 ± 22 minutes. In 89 patients (94.6%), the implant was performed only with remifentanil. Frequency of adverse events were nauseas/vomiting 21.3%, hypotension 5.3% and respiratory depression 1%. Remifentanil perfusion was discontinued in 3 patients (3.2%) due to appearance of adverse events. Another sedoanalgesic was used in 2 patients (2.1%). Conclusions. Remifentanil is useful in the implant of DPM as a sedoanalgesia method. Serious undesired effects are rare. Future studies are necessary to completely establish its effectiveness and safety in these types of procedures

Empleo conjunto de tirofibán y clopidogrel en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST de alto riesgo / Combined use of tirofiban and clopidogrel in the high risk acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation

Objetivo. Descripción del empleo simultáneo de tirofibán y clopidogrel en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación persistente del segmento ST (SCASEST) de alto riesgo. Diseño. Estudio de cohorte de comienzo, prospectivo, incluyendo pacientes durante 12 meses, con seguimiento desde el ingreso en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) hasta el alta hospitalaria. Ámbito. UCI de un hospital sin laboratorio de hemodinámica. Pacientes. Muestra consecutiva de 56 pacientes con SCASEST que presentaban ascenso transitorio del segmento ST, descenso del mismo o elevación de la troponina Ic. Se excluyeron posteriormente 4 pacientes por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Todos completaron el período de seguimiento. Intervenciones. Los pacientes fueron tratados con ácido acetilsalicílico, clopidogrel, tirofibán, heparina sódica y medicación antiisquémica, según las indicaciones de las guías de consenso en vigor. Se solicitó cateterismo cardíaco cuando apareció angina refractaria, fallo ventricular o inestabilidad hemodinámica. Variables principales. Se registraron los eventos isquémicos durante el período de seguimiento, la realización de cateterismo cardíaco y las complicaciones hemorrágicas.Resultados. Durante el ingreso en la UCI 21 pacientes (40,3%) presentaron ángor de repetición y/o fallo ventricular izquierdo y dos pacientes (3,8%) fallecieron. En la planta de hospitalización 6 pacientes (12%) sufrieron ángor de repetición y/o fallo ventricular izquierdo. Se realizó cateterismo en 11 pacientes (21,1%) desde la UCI y en 20 (40%) desde la planta de hospitalización. Se registraron 2 hemorragias graves (3,8%) y una trombocitopenia (1,9%). Conclusiones. La aparición de complicaciones en el SCASEST de alto riesgo es frecuente, incluso cuando se emplean simultáneamente tirofibán y clopidogrel. Para conocer si esta estrategia terapéutica puede contribuir a la estabilización clínica de los pacientes con SCASEST se requieren estudios con tirofibán sólo. El riesgo hemorrágico del empleo de tirofibán con clopidogrel es aceptable

Objective. Description of simultaneous use of tirofiban and clopidogrel in the high risk acute coronary syndrome without persistent ST segment elevation (SCASEST). Design. Prospective, onset cohort study, including patients for 12 months, with follow-up from admission to ICU until hospital discharge. Scope. Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a hospital without hemodynamic laboratory. Patients. Consecutive sample of 56 patients with SCASEST who had transitory increase of ST segment, decrease of it or elevation of troponin Ic. Four patients were excluded later as they did not comply with the inclusion criteria. All completed the follow-up period. Interventions. The patients were treated with aspirin, clopidogrel, tirofiban, heparin sodium and anti-ischemic medication according to the consensus guidelines in force. Cardiac catheterism was requested when refractory angina, ventricular failure or hemodynamic instability appeared. Primary endpoints. The ischemic events were recorded during the follow-up period, the performance of the cardiac catheterism and the bleeding complications. Results. During the admission in the ICU, 21 patients (40.3%) had recurrent angina and/or left ventricular failure. Two patients (3.8%) died. Six patients (12%) in the hospitalization ward had recurrent angina and/or left ventricular failure. Catheterism was done in 11 patients (21.1%) from the ICU and in 20 (40%) from the hospitalization ward. Two serious bleedings (3.8%) and one thrombocytopenia (1.9%) were recorded. Conclusions. The appearance of complications in high risk SCASEST is frequent, even when tirofiban and clopidogrel are used simultaneously. To know if this therapeutic strategy may contribute to clinical stabilization of SCASEST patients, studies versus tirofiban alone are required. Bleeding risk due to the use of tirofiban with clopidogrel is acceptable

Hematoma de músculos recto y oblicuo del abdomen por anticoagulación con enoxaparina / Haematoma of the oblique and rectus abdominis muscles due to anticoagulation with enoxaparin

No disponible

[The value of the polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature]. / Valor de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en líquido cefalorraquídeo para el diagnóstico de la encefalitis herpética: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

Brain biopsy has been considered the gold-standard test for the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis. However, because of its cruence, other non invasive methods have been developed for its diagnosis. In recent years polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid has been employed for the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis (HE). We report two cases of clinically suspected HE in which DNA of herpes simplex virus was amplified by PCR from cerebrospinal fluid, and review the role of this method for the diagnosis of HE. Two patients were admitted to the emergency room presenting clinical pictures and cerebrospinal fluid samples suggestive of lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. Both were admitted in the intensive care unit because of altered level of consciousness, beginning empiric treatment with intravenous acyclovir as HE was suspected. Clinical outcomes were favourable in both cases, being confirmed the presence of herpes simplex DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by PCR in the two patients. We have reviewed in the literature the value of PCR for the diagnosis of HE in comparison with other ancillary tests as brain biopsy and serology. PCR could reach according with some authors a sensibility of 98% and a specificity of 94%.

Valor de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en líquido cefalorraquídeo para el diagnóstico de la encefalitis herpética: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / The value of the polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature

La biopsia cerebral ha sido la prueba de referencia para el diagnóstico de la encefalitis herpética. Sin embargo, dado lo cruento de esta prueba, se han desarrollado otros métodos no invasivos para su diagnóstico. En los últimos años se ha empleado la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) para el diagnóstico de la encefalitis herpética (EH). Presentamos dos casos con sospecha clínica de EH en los que se amplificó, mediante RCP, ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) de virus herpes simplex en LCR y revisamos el valor de esta técnica para el diagnóstico de EH. Se trata de dos pacientes que acudieron a urgencias presentando un cuadro clínico y características de LCR sugestivos de meningoencefalitis linfocitaria. Ambos requirieron ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por disminución del nivel de conciencia, iniciándose tratamiento empirico con aciclovir intravenoso ante la sospecha de EH. La evolución clínica fue favorable en los dos casos, confirmándose la presencia de ADN del virus herpes simplex en el LCR mediante RCP en los dos pacientes. Hemos revisado en la literatura el valor de la RCP para el diagnóstico de la EH en comparación con otras pruebas como biopsia cerebral y serología. La RCP alcanzaría según algunos autores una sensibilidad del 98 y una especificidad del 94 porciento (AU)