ABSTRACT
Antipsychotics are the drugs prescribed to treat psychotic disorders; however, patients often fail to adhere to their treatment, and this has a severe negative effect on prognosis in these kinds of illnesses. Among the wide range of risk factors for treatment nonadherence, this systematic review covers those that are most important from the point of view of clinicians and patients and proposes guidelines for addressing them. Analyzing 38 studies conducted in a total of 51,796 patients, including patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder, we found that younger age, substance abuse, poor insight, cognitive impairments, low level of education, minority ethnicity, poor therapeutic alliance, experience of barriers to care, high intensity of delusional symptoms and suspiciousness, and low socioeconomic status are the main risk factors for medication nonadherence in both types of disorder. In the future, prospective studies should be conducted on the use of personalized patient-tailored treatments, taking into account risk factors that may affect each individual, to assess the ability of such approaches to improve adherence and hence prognosis in these patients.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , HumansABSTRACT
Los efectos adversos de los antipsicóticos atípicos varían en función del sexo de los pacientes. Las mujeres tienen un peso medio inferior al de los hombres, y además, a nivel farmacocinético tienen un menor aclaramiento de algunos antipsicóticos como la clozapina y olanzapina. Entre los efectos secundarios más frecuentes en mujeres, cabe destacar el incremento del intervalo QT corregido. También el riesgo metabólico es mayor en mujeres: estas tienen más probabilidades de aumentar el peso tras tratamientos prolongados, sobre todo con clozapina y olanzapina. La prolactina se incrementa más en las mujeres que en los varones tras tratamiento antipsicótico. Este efecto secundario es más frecuente con amisulpride, risperidona y paliperidona. Entre los efectos secundarios extrapiramidales, la acatisia es también más frecuente en mujeres. En el futuro es necesario tener en cuenta la variable género al hacer el cálculo de la dosis y valoración de efectos secundarios tras el tratamiento antipsicótico (AU)
The adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs vary depending on the sex of the patients. Females have a lower mean body weight than males, thus, at pharmacokinetic level, they have a lower clearance of some antipsychotics such as, clozapine and olanzapine. Among the most common adverse effects is highlighted the increase in corrected QT interval. Metabolic risks are also greater in females, with these being more likely to increase the weight after prolonged treatments, particularly with clozapine and olanzapine. Prolactin is increased more in females than in males after antipsychotic treatment. This adverse effect is more common with amisulpride, risperidone and paliperidone. Among the extrapyramidal secondary effects, akathisia is also more common in females. Gender variability should be taken into account in the future when calculating the dose, as well as when evaluating the adverse effects after antipsychotic treatment (AU)
