ABSTRACT
The human intestine is a complex and variable in lenght organ, oscillating between 3 and 8 metres, depending on the individual characteristics and the techniques used to measure it. The main function of the intestine is to get a suitable incorporation of food into the body and this is carried out by menas of the digestion and food absorption processes. When these functions fail, Maldigestion and Malabsorption appear. These have characteristic clinical data and must be studied with the help of specific techniques for every digestive step and every food (fat malabsorption, proteins and carbohydrates tests).
Subject(s)
Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Digestion , Humans , Malabsorption Syndromes/metabolismABSTRACT
El intestino humano es un órgano complejo de longitud variable, oscilando entre 3 y 8 m, dependiendo de característica individuales y de las técnicas empleadas en su medida. La función principal del intestino es conseguir una adecuada incorporación de nutrientes al organismo, y esto se lleva a cabo a través de los procesos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes. Cuando estas funciones fracasan, aparecen la Mal digestión y la Malabsorción, que presentan unos datos clínicos característicos y que deberían ser estudiadas mediante una serie de técnicas específicas para cada uno de los pasos digestivos y cada uno de los nutrientes (tests de malabsorción grasa, de proteínas y de hidratos de carbono)
The human intestine is a complex and variable in lenght organ, oscillating between 3 and 8 metres, depending on the individual characteristics and the techniques used to measure it. The main function of the intestine is to get a suitable incorporation of food into the body and this is carried out by menas of the digestion and food absorption processes. When these functions fail, Maldigestion and Malabsorption appear. These have characteristic clinical data and must be studied with the help of specific techniques for every digestive step and every food (fat malabsorption, proteins and carbohydrates tests)
Subject(s)
Humans , Micronutrients/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Malabsorption Syndromes/diagnosis , Digestive System Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Hungry bone syndrome is a common clinical entity which is accompanying of hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hipophosphatemia, results from an increase in bone formation. It is related to a pathological scenario which causes an imbalance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediates bone formation, favouring the latter. Its classic presentation occurs after parathyroidectomy in hyperparathyroydism's patients. Its clinical features are largely due to plasmatic calcium levels reduction. Hungry bone syndrome is frequent in hyperparathyroid's patients who have development bone disease before surgery. Even less frequent, it has also been described after thyroydectomy in patients with hyperthyroidism. We hereby report a case of hungry bone syndrome in one patient who suffers a Graves' disease. Then, we will provide a brief review of pathogenesis and therapeutic features.
Subject(s)
Hyperthyroidism/complications , Hypocalcemia/etiology , Hypoparathyroidism/etiology , Thyroidectomy/adverse effects , Adult , Blood Chemical Analysis , Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Calcitriol/therapeutic use , Calcium Gluconate/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Hyperthyroidism/diagnosis , Hyperthyroidism/surgery , Hypocalcemia/blood , Hypocalcemia/drug therapy , Hypoparathyroidism/blood , Hypoparathyroidism/drug therapy , Magnesium Deficiency/blood , Magnesium Deficiency/drug therapy , Magnesium Deficiency/etiology , Postoperative Complications , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
El síndrome del hueso hambriento es una entidad clínica que se caracteriza por la aparición de hipocalcemia, hipofosfatemia e hipomagnesemia secundaria a un aumento de su captación a nivel óseo. Es un proceso que se ha descrito en el contexto de enfermedades que actúan generando un disbalance entre la producción y la resorción, a favor de ésta última. La forma clásica de presentación, acontece tras la realización de una paratiroidectomia en pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo (HPT), siendo su clínica la relacionada fundamentalmente con la caída de los niveles plasmáticos de calcio. Aunque menos habitual, ha sido descrito tras tratamiento quirúrgico de entidades clínicas que cursan con un exceso de hormonas tiroideas, siendo la forma más frecuente la enfermedad de Graves-Basedow. Presentamos un caso de este síndrome tras tiroidectomía en un paciente con hipertiroidismo primario por enfermedad de Graves, realizando una breve revisión de los aspectos fisiopatológicos y manejo del cuadro
Hungry bone syndrome is a common clinical entity which is accompanying of hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hipophosphatemia, results from an increase in bone formation. It is related to a pathological scenario which causes an imbalance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediates bone formation, favouring the latter. Its classic presentation occurs after parathyroidectomy in hyperparathyroydism´s patients. Its clinical features are largely due to plasmatic calcium levels reduction. Hungry bone syndrome is frequent in hyperparathyroid´s patients who have development bone disease before surgery. Even less frequent, it has also been described after thyroydectomy in patients with hyperthyroidism. We hereby report a case of hungry bone syndrome in one patient who suffers a Graves´ disease. Then, we will provide a brief review of pathogenesis and therapeutic features
Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Humans , Thyroidectomy/adverse effects , Graves Disease/surgery , Bone Demineralization, Pathologic/physiopathology , Hypocalcemia/etiology , Hyperparathyroidism/complications , Hypoparathyroidism/complications , Thyroid Hormones/analysis , Thyroid Function Tests/methods , Bone Resorption/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy for clinical evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas, and its relation with pathological diagnosis and follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have studied 46 patients with unilateral adrenal incidentaloma of size between 10 and 100 mm (average 30.5 +/- 19 mm). The lesions were discovered with abdominal computerized tomography in the study of a primary tumor (22%) or in the evaluation of benign pathology (78%). Adrenal scintigraphy assessed uptake in adrenal incidentaloma. Hormonal study included urinary catecholamines, plasma cortisol after dexamethasone, adrenal androgens, and renin and aldosterone in hypertensive patients. Five patients were operated, FNAB was carried out in three patients, and in the rest average follow-up was 29 +/- 21 months. Adrenal incidentaloma was considered nonfunctional if the lesion did not modified its size nor showed analytical alterations along a follow-up higher than 8 months. RESULTS: Of 46 adrenal lesions, seven didn't show uptake (three metastases, one cyst, one adrenal carcinoma, one pheochromocytoma, and one angiomyolipoma), 34 showed excessive uptake (29 nonfunctional adrenal nodules and 5 hyperfunctional adrenal nodules), and five had normal uptake (nonfunctional adrenal nodules). Adrenal scintigraphy was compatible in all cases with cytological study or the response to chemotherapy. Along the follow-up, growth of the lesion was demonstrated in 23%, and reduction or disappearance of the lesion in 11%, with no hormonal significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of a lesion with no uptake in adrenal scintigraphy forces to carry out complementary explorations in order to rule out malignant pathology. A lesion with excessive uptake is indicative of a benign process and should be assessed with hormonal determinations.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/blood , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Incidental Findings , Male , Middle Aged , Radionuclide ImagingABSTRACT
Objetivos. Valorar la utilidad de la gammagrafía suprarrenal en el estudio de los incidentalomas suprarrenales y su relación con el diagnóstico patológico y el seguimiento posterior. Pacientes y métodos. Hemos estudiado 46 pacientes con incidentaloma suprarrenal unilateral de tamaño entre 10 y 100 mm (media: 30,5 ± 19 mm). Las lesiones se localizaron mediante tomografía computarizada abdominal durante el estudio de un tumor primario (22%) o de patología benigna (78%). La gammagrafía suprarrenal valoró la existencia o no de captación en el incidentaloma suprarrenal. El estudio hormonal incluyó catecolaminas urinarias, cortisol plasmático tras dexametasona, andrógenos adrenales y renina y aldosterona en pacientes hipertensos. Cinco pacientes fueron operados, en tres se realizó punción-aspiración con aguja fina y en los restantes seguimiento medio de 29 ± 21 meses. Se consideró incidentaloma suprarrenal no funcionante si la lesión no modificaba su tamaño ni mostraba alteraciones analíticas en el seguimiento superior a 8 meses. Resultados. De las 46 lesiones suprarrenales 7 fueron hipocaptadoras (tres metástasis, un quiste, un carcinoma suprarrenal, un feocromocitoma y un angiomiolipoma), 34 hipercaptadoras (29 nódulos suprarrenales no funcionantes y 5 hiperfuncionantes) y 5 normocaptadoras (nódulos suprarrenales no funcionantes). La gammagrafía suprarrenal fue concordante con estudio citológico o la respuesta a quimioterapia en todos los casos. Durante el seguimiento se demostró un crecimiento de la lesión en el 23% y reducción o desaparición de las lesiones en el 11% y no se encontraron cambios significativos hormonales.Conclusiones. Una lesión hipocaptadora en gammagrafía suprarrenal hace necesaria la realización de exploraciones complementarias para descartar patología maligna. Una lesión hipercaptadora es indicativa de proceso benigno y debe ser valorada con determinaciones hormonales
Objetives. To assess the usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy for clinical evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas, and its relation with pathological diagnosis and follow-up. Patients and methods. We have studied 46 patients with unilateral adrenal incidentaloma of size between 10 and 100 mm (average 30.5 ± 19 mm). The lesions were discovered with abdominal computerized tomography in the study of a primary tumor (22%) or in the evaluation of benign pathology (78%). Adrenal scintigraphy assessed uptake in adrenal incidentaloma. Hormonal study included urinary catecholamines, plasma cortisol after dexamethasone, adrenal androgens, and renin and aldosterone in hypertensive patients. Five patients were operated, FNAB was carried out in three patients, and in the rest average follow-up was 29 ± 21 months. Adrenal incidentaloma was considered nonfunctional if the lesion did not modified its size nor showed analytical alterations along a follow-up higher than 8 months. Results. Of 46 adrenal lesions, seven didn't show uptake (three metastases, one cyst, one adrenal carcinoma, one pheochromocytoma, and one angiomyolipoma), 34 showed excessive uptake (29 nonfunctional adrenal nodules and 5 hyperfunctional adrenal nodules), and five had normal uptake (nonfunctional adrenal nodules). Adrenal scintigraphy was compatible in all cases with cytological study or the response to chemotherapy. Along the follow-up, growth of the lesion was demonstrated in 23%, and reduction or disappearance of the lesion in 11%, with no hormonal significant changes. Conclusions. Detection of a lesion with no uptake in adrenal scintigraphy forces to carry out complementary explorations in order to rule out malignant pathology. A lesion with excessive uptake is indicative of a benign process and should be assessed with hormonal determinations
