The onset of electrospray: the universal scaling laws of the first ejection.

The disintegration of liquid drops with low electrical conductivity and subject to an electric field is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This disintegration takes place through the development of a conical cusp that eventually ejects an ultrathin liquid ligament. A first tiny drop is emitted from the end of this ligament. Due to its exceptionally small size and large electric charge per unit volume, that drop has been the object of relevant recent studies. In this paper, universal scaling laws for the diameter and electric charge of the first issued droplet are proposed and validated both numerically and experimentally. Our analysis shows how charge relaxation is the mechanism that differentiates the onset of electrospray, including the first droplet ejection, from the classical steady cone-jet mode. In this way, our study identifies when and where charge relaxation and electrokinetic phenomena come into play in electrospray, a subject of live controversy in the field.

Numerical simulation of electrospray in the cone-jet mode.

We present a robust and computationally efficient numerical scheme for simulating steady electrohydrodynamic atomization processes (electrospray). The main simplification assumed in this scheme is that all the free electrical charges are distributed over the interface. A comparison of the results with those calculated with a volume-of-fluid method showed that the numerical scheme presented here accurately describes the flow pattern within the entire liquid domain. Experiments were performed to partially validate the numerical predictions. The simulations reproduced accurately the experimental shape of the liquid cone jet, providing correct values of the emitted electric current even for configurations very close to the cone-jet stability limit.

An experimental study of the electrospraying of water in air at atmospheric pressure.

Water solutions with electrical conductivities ranging from that of the deionized water up to 2 S/m have been electrosprayed in air through narrow silica tubes. Results show unambiguously that steady cone jets of water in air without the assistance of glow discharge can be formed for the range of electrical conductivities we have explored. The absence of corona discharge has been proven not only for the good agreement between the experimental results and the scaling laws given in the cone-jet literature but also for the independence of the spray current on the atmosphere (air or CO(2)) in which water was being electrosprayed. Other regimes such as the electric dripping and the assisted glow discharge cone-jet mode that appear in the electrospraying of water in air at room temperature have also been investigated.

Steady cone-jet electrosprays in liquid insulator baths.

This study shows that conducting liquids can be electrosprayed in steady cone-jet mode inside liquid insulator baths. Experimental results show that the current emitted from the meniscus fits well the scaling laws given in the literature for electrosprays in air at atmospheric pressure or vacuum. The technique may be of interest in obtaining fine liquid-liquid emulsions of uniformly sized droplets in the nanometric range.

Regulation by 1,4-diamines of the ornithine decarboxylase activity induced by ornithine in perifused tumor cells.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of Ehrlich carcinoma cells was increased more than 36-fold after being maintained for 3.5 hr in vitro in a special chamber which allowed continuous perifusion with 0.5 mM ornithine; if incubated in vitro without perifusion the ODC activity was, of course, only 9-fold by the same concentration of ornithine. Ornithine withdrawal from the perifusion medium resulted in a decay of enzyme activity observed after 90 min; this decay was prevented by addition of 55 microM pyridoxal to the medium. The 1,4-diamines putrescine, spermidine, spermine, agmatine, histamine, serotonin, tryptamine, chlorpheniramine and harmaline at 55 microM strongly suppressed ODC induction by 0.5 mM ornithine in perifused Ehrlich ascites cells. Methyl derivatives also behave as strong inhibitors of ODC induction. On the contrary, N-acetylation paralleled with a decrease in the inhibition capacity: 55 microM N-acetyl putrescine, N-acetyl serotonin or N-omega-acetylhistamine suppressed ODC induction by ornithine in 66, 64 and 19%, respectively. The addition to the perifusion medium of the same concentrations of 1,3-diamines (1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol or the alkaloid gramine) as well as 1,5-diamines (1,5-diaminopentane and the antihistamic doxylamine or cimetidine) failed to suppress the induction of ODC activity by ornithine. Interestingly, 1,4-benzenediamine, which strongly inhibits ODC activity when the induced enzyme is assayed in its presence, did not suppress the induction of the enzyme when both 0.5 mM ornithine and 55 microM 1,4-benzenediamine were present in the perifusion medium. The inhibitory capacity in down-regulating ODC is not due to differences in the diamine uptake by the cells. The results suggest that the N-N distance (6A) and the charge of one amino group are important chemical characteristics for regulatory effects.