Influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and psychosocial functioning in patients with first episode psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Social cognition has been associated with functional outcome in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP). Social cognition has also been associated with neurocognition and cognitive reserve. Although cognitive reserve, neurocognitive functioning, social cognition, and functional outcome are related, the direction of their associations is not clear. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze the influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning in FEP both at baseline and at 2 years. METHODS: The sample of the study was composed of 282 FEP patients followed up for 2 years. To analyze whether social cognition mediates the influence of cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning, a path analysis was performed. The statistical significance of any mediation effects was evaluated by bootstrap analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, as neither cognitive reserve nor the cognitive domains studied were related to functioning, the conditions for mediation were not satisfied. Nevertheless, at 2 years of follow-up, social cognition acted as a mediator between cognitive reserve and functioning. Likewise, social cognition was a mediator between verbal memory and functional outcome. The results of the bootstrap analysis confirmed these significant mediations (95% bootstrapped CI (-10.215 to -0.337) and (-4.731 to -0.605) respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive reserve and neurocognition are related to functioning, and social cognition mediates in this relationship.

Peter's delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation).

INTRODUCTION: Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a continuum on psychotic symptoms, including delusions. Moreover, several studies have reported differences regarding prevalence and intensity of these symptoms in relation to age, gender and educational level. This study tries to analyze distribution and dimensionality of delusional ideation in the general population, as well as relationship between gender, age and educational level with the prevalence of these symptoms. METHOD: We used the 21-item Peters. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21) on a general population sample as our measure of delusional ideation. A factor analysis was carried out to determine the dimensionality of delusional ideation. Next, linear regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship of age, gender and educational level with the different dimensions. RESULTS: 365 subjects completed the inventory. Factor analysis revealed the presence of 7 easily interpretable factors. Five of these factors were negatively correlated with age. Women had higher scores on the "magical thinking" factor. Finally, lower educational level was correlated with higher scores on those factors of "magical thinking" and "experiences of influence". CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the PDI-21 is a useful instrument to measure dimensionality of delusional ideation in Spanish general population. Results of the influence of gender, age and educational level are in agreement with those reported in psychosis samples, supporting the existence of a continuum in psychoses.

El Inventario de experiencias delirantes de Peters (PDI) en población general española: fiabilidad interna, estructura factorial y asociación con variables demográficas / Peter's delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation)

Introducción. Numerosos estudios apoyan la existencia de un continuum en los síntomas psicóticos, incluyendo los delirios. Por otro lado, varios estudios han encontrado diferencias en cuanto la frecuencia e intensidad de estos síntomas en relación con la edad, el sexo y el nivel educativo de los sujetos. Este estudio trata de analizar la distribución dimensionalidad de la ideación delirante en la población general, así como la relación del sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo con la presencia de estos síntomas. Método. Para medir la ideación delirante se utilizó el inventario de experiencias delirantes de Peters de 21 ítems (PDI-21) en una muestra de población general. Se realizó un análisis factorial para determinar la dimensionalidad de ideación delirante. Posteriormente se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal para analizar la relación de la edad, el sexo el nivel educativo con las diferentes dimensiones. Resultados. Trescientos sesenta y cinco sujetos cumplimentaron el cuestionario. El análisis factorial reveló la presencia de siete factores fácilmente interpretables. Cinco de los factores se correlacionaron de manera negativa con edad. Las mujeres obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en el factor «pensamiento mágico». Finalmente, un menor nivel educativo se correlacionaba con mayores puntuaciones en los factores «pensamiento mágico» «vivencias de influencia». Conclusiones. El PDI-21 resulta ser un instrumento útil para medir la dimensionalidad de la ideación delirante en población general española. Los resultados obtenidos sobre influencia del sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo están en consonancia con los obtenidos en muestras de pacientes psicóticos, apoyando la existencia de un continuum en las psicosis

Introduction. Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a continuum on psychotic symptoms, including delusions. Moreover, several studies have reported differences regarding prevalence and intensity of these symptoms in relation to age, gender and educational level. This study tries to analyze distribution and dimensionality of delusional ideation in the general population, as well as relationship between gender, age and educational level with the prevalence of these symptoms. Method. We used the 21-item Peters. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21) on a general population sample as our measure of delusional ideation. A factor analysis was carried out to determine the dimensionality of delusional ideation. Next, linear regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship of age, gender and educational level with the different dimensions. Results. 365 subjects completed the inventory. Factor analysis revealed the presence of 7 easily interpretable factors. Five of these factors were negatively correlated with age. Women had higher scores on the «magical thinking» factor. Finally, lower educational level was correlated with higher scores on those factors of «magical thinking» and «experiences of influence». Conclusions. It appears that the PDI-21 is a useful instrument to measure dimensionality of delusional ideation in Spanish general population. Results of the influence of gender, age and educational level are in agreement with those reported in psychosis samples, supporting the existence of a continuum in psychoses