ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF SPORT EDUCATION FROM THE FREIRIAN PERSPECTIVE / GIMNASIA ARTÍSTICA EN LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR: IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL SPORT EDUCATION DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA FREIRIANA / GINÁSTICA ARTÍSTICA NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO SPORT EDUCATION A PARTIR DA PERSPECTIVA FREIRIANA

The objective of the research was to understand the pedagogical strategies mediated by a teacher educator in an undergraduate course in Physical Education in the implementation of Sport Education (SE) to develop knowledge about Artistic Gymnastics (AG) based on the Freirean pedagogy. Action research was used as a research method, with the implementation of the pedagogical process developed over 12 weeks with the participation of the teacher educator and 17 students. Data were collected weekly and included: pedagogical documentation produced during the course; field diaries written by the teacher educator at the end of each meeting; discussions with a critical friend during the development of the educational process; and focus groups after the entire process. Thematic Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the three pedagogical strategies were fundamental for the implementation of SE in GA: Experience of different roles, Dynamics of design and Co-creation of the AG code. This set of strategies characterizes a pedagogical mediation consistent with Paulo Freire's pedagogical proposal by highlighting fundamental knowledge inherent to the ethical nature of a liberating educational practice, namely: Reading the world, Investigative spirit, Stimulating autonomy, Horizontality, Problematization and (Re)construction of (new) knowledge.

El objetivo de la investigación fue comprender las estrategias pedagógicas mediadas por una docente en un curso de graduación en Educación Física en la implementación del Sport Education (ES) para desarrollar los conocimientos sobre Gimnasia Artística (GA) con base en la pedagogía freireana. Se utilizó como método de investigación la investigación acción, con la implementación del proceso pedagógico desarrollado durante 12 semanas con la participación de la docente investigadora y 17 estudiantes. Los datos fueron recogidos semanalmente e incluyeron: documentación pedagógica producida durante la disciplina; diarios de campo redactados por la docente al final de cada encuentro; discusiones con una amiga crítica durante el desarrollo del proceso educativo; realización de grupos focales después de todo el proceso. El Análisis Temático fue utilizado para el tratamiento de los datos. Los resultados indican que las tres estrategias pedagógicas construidas fueron fundamentales para la implementación del SE en la GA: Desempeño de diferentes funciones, la Dinámica de diseño y Cocreación del código en la GA. Ese conjunto de estrategias caracteriza una mediación pedagógica acorde con la propuesta pedagógica de Paulo Freire al evidenciar saberes fundamentales inherentes a la naturaleza ética de una práctica educativa liberadora, a saber: Lectura del mundo, Espíritu investigador, Estímulo a la autonomía, Horizontalidad, Problematización y (Re)construcción de (nuevos conocimientos.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender as estratégias pedagógicas mediadas por uma docente em um curso de graduação em Educação Física na implementação do Sport Education (SE) para desenvolver os conhecimentos sobre a Ginástica Artística (GA) a partir da proposta pedagógica freiriana. De cunho qualitativo, utilizou-se a pesquisa-ação como método de pesquisa, com a implementação do processo pedagógico desenvolvido em 12 semanas com a participação da docente pesquisadora e 17 estudantes. Os dados foram levantados semanalmente e incluíram: documentação pedagógica produzida durante a disciplina; diários de campo redigidos pela docente ao final de cada encontro; discussões com uma amiga crítica durante o desenvolvimento do processo educativo; realização de grupos focais após todo o processo. A Análise Temática foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. Os resultados indicam que as três estratégias pedagógicas construídas foram fundamentais para a implementação do SE na GA: o Desempenho de diferentes funções, a Dinâmica do desenho e a Cocriação do código de pontuação. Esse conjunto de estratégias caracteriza uma mediação pedagógica condizente com a proposta pedagógica de Paulo Freire ao evidenciar saberes fundamentais inerentes à natureza ética de uma prática educativa libertadora, quais sejam: Leitura de mundo, Espírito investigador, Estímulo à autonomia, Horizontalidade, Problematização e (Re)construção de (novos) conhecimentos.

Role of ErbB and IL-1 signaling pathways in the dermonecrotic lesion induced by Loxosceles sphingomyelinases D.

Sphingomyelinase D (SMase D), the main toxic component of Loxosceles venom, has a well-documented role on dermonecrotic lesion triggered by envenomation with these species; however, the intracellular mechanisms involved in this event are still poorly known. Through differential transcriptomics of human keratinocytes treated with L. laeta or L. intermedia SMases D, we identified 323 DEGs, common to both treatments, as well as upregulation of molecules involved in the IL-1 and ErbB signaling. Since these pathways are related to inflammation and wound healing, respectively, we investigated the relative expression of some molecules related to these pathways by RT-qPCR and observed different expression profiles over time. Although, after 24 h of treatment, both SMases D induced similar modulation of these pathways in keratinocytes, L. intermedia SMase D induced earlier modulation compared to L. laeta SMase D treatment. Positive expression correlations of the molecules involved in the IL-1 signaling were also observed after SMases D treatment, confirming their inflammatory action. In addition, we detected higher relative expression of the inhibitor of the ErbB signaling pathway, ERRFI1, and positive correlations between this molecule and pro-inflammatory mediators after SMases D treatment. Thus, herein, we describe the cell pathways related to the exacerbation of inflammation and to the failure of the wound healing, highlighting the contribution of the IL-1 signaling pathway and the ERRFI1 for the development of cutaneous loxoscelism.

Fishers' multidimensional knowledge advances fisheries and aquatic science.

Fishers' Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) has multidimensional contributions to improve fisheries and aquatic ecosystems science, ranging from algae to whales and including management, conservation, ecology, and impact assessment. The challenges are to sustain this knowledge, recognize its value, and to include ILK holders in resource management and decision-making.

Role of ErbB and IL-1 signaling pathways in the dermonecrotic lesion induced by Loxosceles sphingomyelinases D

Sphingomyelinase D (SMase D), the main toxic component of Loxosceles venom, has a well-documented role on dermonecrotic lesion triggered by envenomation with these species; however, the intracellular mechanisms involved in this event are still poorly known. Through differential transcriptomics of human keratinocytes treated with L. laeta or L. intermedia SMases D, we identified 323 DEGs, common to both treatments, as well as upregulation of molecules involved in the IL-1 and ErbB signaling. Since these pathways are related to inflammation and wound healing, respectively, we investigated the relative expression of some molecules related to these pathways by RT-qPCR and observed different expression profiles over time. Although, after 24 h of treatment, both SMases D induced similar modulation of these pathways in keratinocytes, L. intermedia SMase D induced earlier modulation compared to L. laeta SMase D treatment. Positive expression correlations of the molecules involved in the IL-1 signaling were also observed after SMases D treatment, confirming their inflammatory action. In addition, we detected higher relative expression of the inhibitor of the ErbB signaling pathway, ERRFI1, and positive correlations between this molecule and pro-inflammatory mediators after SMases D treatment. Thus, herein, we describe the cell pathways related to the exacerbation of inflammation and to the failure of the wound healing, highlighting the contribution of the IL-1 signaling pathway and the ERRFI1 for the development of cutaneous loxoscelism.

Coronamyia, a new genus of Neotropical Maruinini (Diptera, Psychodidae) with the description of four new species.

Coronamyia gen. nov., a new Neotropical genus of Psychodidae with records restricted to northeastern and southeastern Brazil is described, as well as four new species: C. paschoali sp. nov., C. santosi sp. nov., C. triangularis sp. nov., and C. trilobata sp. nov. The new genus is morphologically similar to Alepia Enderlein, 1937, but can be differentiated by the presence of a lightly sclerotized plate with long thin setae around the aedeagus, which is absent in Alepia. Coronamyia biapicalis comb. nov. is transferred from Alepia.

Participação social e Atenção Primária em Saúde no Brasil: uma revisão de escopo / Social participation and Primary Health Care in Brazil: a scoping review

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva realizar uma revisão de escopo da literatura, com o intuito de compreender as experiências formais de participação social que tem sido desenvolvidas no contexto da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) no Brasil, desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) até novembro de 2020. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases Lilacs, PubMed, PsycINFO e Sociological Abstracts, sendo achados 20 artigos abordando a participação social e a APS. Os resultados encontrados foram discutidos no que se refere ao perfil dos participantes e à competência para participar, ao processo de participar e à construção de ações participativas, além da centralidade da educação permanente como forma de fortalecer a participação social em saúde. A pesquisa revelou distintas experiências de participação social desenvolvidas nos territórios onde atua a APS, destacando-se as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de implementação dos Conselhos Locais de Saúde (CLS). Sendo assim, discute-se que o fortalecimento da APS, principalmente do modelo Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), envolve, de modo dialético, a construção e qualificação dos espaços participativos, o que resultaria em uma estratégia central de defesa do SUS em um momento de recrudescimento das relações democráticas no país.

Abstract This article aimed to carry out a scoping review of the literature to understand the formal experiences of social participation that have been developed in the context of the Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC), since the creation of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) until November 2020. The databases LILACS, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts were searched, and 20 articles were included that described the social participation in the context of PHC. The results found were discussed regarding the profile of the participants and the competence to participate, the process of participation and the building of participatory actions, and the centrality of permanent education as a way to strengthen social participation in health. The research revealed distinct experiences of social participation developed in the territories where the PHC operates, highlighting the difficulties faced in the process of implementing the Local Health Councils (LHC). Thus, it is understood that strengthening the PHC, especially the Family Health Strategy (FHS) model, involves, in a dialectical way, the construction and the qualification of participatory spaces, which would result in a central strategy to defend the SUS at this time of resurgence of democratic relations in Brazil.

Representações culturais sobre as ginásticas: o olhar de professores(as) da educação básica / Cultural representations about gymnastics: the perspective of basic education teachers / Representaciones culturales sobre la gimnasia: la visión de los profesores de educación básica

O presente artigo buscou analisar as representações culturais que professores(as) de Educação Física de um município de Minas Gerais atribuem às ginásticas. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma pesquisa de campo de cunho qualitativo, adotando um questionário com perguntas especialmente elaboradas para o estudo e a Análise Temática para tratamento dos dados. Os resultados indicam que os(as) professores(as) apresentam diversos discursos sobre as práticas gímnicas, compreendendo-as nas esferas da saúde, do esporte, da recreação, da arte e escolar. Tais leituras evidenciam uma aproximação com os campos de atuação da ginástica, o que demonstra que os sujeitos investigados reconhecem os múltiplos textos culturais produzidos sobre as ginásticas na sociedade atual.

This article sought to analyze the cultural representations that Physical Education teachers in a municipality in Minas Gerais attribute to gymnastics. For that, a qualitative field research was used, adopting a questionnaire with questions specially elaborated for the study and the Thematic Analysis for data treatment. The results indicate that the teachers present different discourses about gymnastics practices, understanding them in the spheres of health, sport, recreation, art and school. Such readings show an approximation with the fields of action of gymnastics, which demonstrates that the investigated subjects recognize the multiple cultural texts produced about gymnastics in today's society.

Este artículo buscó analizar las representaciones culturales que los profesores de Educación Física de un municipio de Minas Gerais atribuyen a la gimnasia. Para eso, se utilizó una investigación de campo cualitativa, adoptando un cuestionario con preguntas especialmente elaborado para el estudio y el Análisis Temático para el tratamiento de los datos. Los resultados indican que los profesores presentan diferentes discursos sobre las prácticas gimnásticas, entendiéndolas en los ámbitos de la salud, el deporte, la recreación, el arte y la escuela. Tales lecturas muestran una aproximación con los campos de acción de la gimnasia, lo que demuestra que los sujetos investigados reconocen los múltiples textos culturales producidos sobre la gimnasia en la sociedad actual.

Lessons from bright-spots for advancing knowledge exchange at the interface of marine science and policy.

Evidence-informed decision-making is in increasing demand given growing pressures on marine environments. A way to facilitate this is by knowledge exchange among marine scientists and decision-makers. While many barriers are reported in the literature, there are also examples whereby research has successfully informed marine decision-making (i.e., 'bright-spots'). Here, we identify and analyze 25 bright-spots from a wide range of marine fields, contexts, and locations to provide insights into how to improve knowledge exchange at the interface of marine science and policy. Through qualitative surveys we investigate what initiated the bright-spots, their goals, and approaches to knowledge exchange. We also seek to identify what outcomes/impacts have been achieved, the enablers of success, and what lessons can be learnt to guide future knowledge exchange efforts. Results show that a diversity of approaches were used for knowledge exchange, from consultative engagement to genuine knowledge co-production. We show that diverse successes at the interface of marine science and policy are achievable and include impacts on policy, people, and governance. Such successes were enabled by factors related to the actors, processes, support, context, and timing. For example, the importance of involving diverse actors and managing positive relationships is a key lesson for success. However, enabling routine success will require: 1) transforming the ways in which we train scientists to include a greater focus on interpersonal skills, 2) institutionalizing and supporting knowledge exchange activities in organizational agendas, 3) conceptualizing and implementing broader research impact metrics, and 4) transforming funding mechanisms to focus on need-based interventions, impact planning, and an acknowledgement of the required time and effort that underpin knowledge exchange activities.

Empowering fisherwomen leaders helped reduce the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on fishing communities: Insights from Brazil.

Small-scale fishers in the developing world have been particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic given that they belong to one of the most socioeconomically vulnerable groups. In Brazil, one of the countries most affected by the pandemic, it was expected early on that the economy and wellbeing of fishers would be negatively impacted, yet fishers were expected to show some adaptive and coping mechanisms. To assess whether this was the case, 40 fishers, who are also leaders of fishing associations representing over 80 thousand fishers throughout the country, were interviewed. Results revealed that female leaders appraised the economic and health / wellbeing impacts to be harsher on fishers than men did. Moreover, fishers on the coast were found to be better able to adapt than those inland, although both had low levels of adaptive capacity. The nature of coping and adaptive mechanisms was also found to be different between locations. Whereas leaders from coastal associations stated that most of the adaptive responses occurred in the post-harvest sector (e.g., changes to the types of sales and changes to supply chain actors), leaders from inland communities stated that the changes that occurred related specifically to fishing (e.g., decrease in effort and changes in fishing grounds). These findings suggest that: 1) women may be better prepared to respond to COVID-19 because their appraisal may be more realistic than men, 2) the historic vulnerability of fishing communities may limit their adaptative capacity, and 3) coastal fishers have likely found ways to maintain part of their trade, contrary to inland fishers. Thus, to better help small-scale fisheries to cope with this particular pandemic or other large disruptive impacts, it would be recommended to invest in women in leadership roles while also guaranteeing that fishers have the minimal conditions to cope with and adapt to impacts. The latter can be done by assuring emergency cash transfers for the duration of the impact, as with the still ongoing pandemic, and investing in building fisher resilience for future shocks.

Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens.

Efficient vaccines are the main strategy to control the avian coronavirus (AvCoV), although several drawbacks related to traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been reported. These counterpoints highlight the importance of developing new alternative vaccines against AvCoV, especially those able to induce long-lasting immune responses. This study evaluated and compared two inactivated vaccines formulated with AvCoV BR-I variants, one composed of chitosan nanoparticles (AvCoV-CS) and the second by Montanide oily adjuvant (AvCoV-O). Both developed vaccines were administered in a single dose or associated with the traditional Mass attenuated vaccine. The AvCoV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with the Mass vaccine was able to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and complete protection against IBV virulent infection, wherein single administration was characterized by high IgA antibody levels in the mucosa, whereas when associated with the Mass vaccine, the serum IgG antibody was predominantly observed. On the other hand, single administration of the oily vaccine presented poor humoral and CMI responses and consequently incomplete protection against virulent challenge, but when associated with the Mass vaccine, immune responses were developed, and complete protection against infection was observed. Both of our experimental vaccines were able to induce full protection against virulent IBV challenge. A single dose of AvCoV-CS vaccine was sufficient to achieve complete protection, while AvCoV-O required a previous priming by a Mass strain to complete the protection.

Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia.

Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale "win-win" conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.

Thrombin Generation Assay and Hemostatic Profile for Elucidating Hypercoagulability in Endogenous Canine Hyperadrenocorticism.

Canine hyperadrenocorticism is a common endocrine disorder caused by chronic secretion of glucocorticoid, often associated with hypercoagulability and secondary thrombosis. The thrombin generation assay (TGA) evaluates hemostasis globally by measuring endogenous thrombin potential. We aimed to determine whether TGA is suitable for assessing hypercoagulability in dogs with endogenous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), and to correlate TGA with coagulation markers including fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT), D-dimer, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and with routine laboratory tests for elucidating prothrombotic mechanisms and evaluating their utility as hypercoagulability screening tests. Thrombin generation performed with high activator concentration showed significantly higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) (P = .0239) and peak thrombin (P = .0281) in Cushing patients. Fibrinogen (P = <.0001) and AT (P = .0444) activities were significantly higher in the HAC group, while those of PT (P = .0046) and aPTT (P = .0002) were lower. Basal cortisol levels correlated positively with fibrinogen (r = 0.4503; P = .0355) and negatively with AT activity (r = -0.4580; P = .0280). Fibrinogen and hematocrit values were inversely correlated (r = -0.4853; P = .0076). Our study confirmed the presence of higher thrombin generation in dogs with HAC. However, TGA performed with lower activator concentrations was unsuitable for detecting hypercoagulability. Higher AT and fibrinogen levels and lower aPTT activity were identified in dogs with HAC relative to controls suggesting a potential role for the combined use of these assays when assessing hypercoagulability in canine hyperadrenocorticism.

Social participation: the perspectives of adolescents with cerebral palsy and their mothers.

BACKGROUND: Social participation is a complex construct, thus different factors may facilitate or restrict engagement. Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and their mothers often experience barriers in social participation. Therefore, they are frequently facing challenges in order to engage in meaningful activities, in different contexts. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at exploring the perspectives of mothers and adolescents with CP on their social participation. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional and exploratory study, with a qualitative design. Seven adolescents with CP, aged from 11 to17 years old and their mothers, participated in a semi-structured interview, in São Paulo, Brazil. Data from interviews were analyzed with the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique. RESULTS: Mothers believed that their parenting practices contribute to the social participation of their children. Mothers revealed concerns about how to support the autonomy of their children and how to help them to establish meaningful and mature relationships. Adolescents with CP reported to engage in a range of social activities, with friends in different contexts, such as restaurants, cinema, concerts, parks and school. They also reported to appreciate social participation and to look for strategies in order to engage. CONCLUSIONS: This work can contribute to the understanding of social participation of adolescents with CP, under the perspective of these people and their mothers by allowing them to express their thoughts and voice their fears and limitations. Healthcare providers should adopt a lifespan approach to disabilities and recognize the unique challenges of adolescence in the life of both child and parents.

Contralesional Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Enhance Upper Limb Function in Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has the potential to improve upper limb motor outcomes after stroke. According to the assumption of interhemispheric inhibition, excessive inhibition from the motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere to the motor cortex of the affected hemisphere may worsen upper limb motor recovery after stroke. We evaluated the effects of active cathodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere (ctDCSM1UH) compared to sham, in subjects within 72 hours to 6 weeks post ischemic stroke. Cathodal tDCS was intended to inhibit the motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere and hence decrease the inhibition from the unaffected to the affected hemisphere and enhance motor recovery. We hypothesized that motor recovery would be greater in the active than in the sham group. In addition, greater motor recovery in the active group might be associated with bigger improvements in measures in activity and participation in the active than in the sham group. We also explored, for the first time, changes in cognition and sleep after ctDCSM1UH. Thirty subjects were randomized to six sessions of either active or sham ctDCSM1UH as add-on interventions to rehabilitation. The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery after Stroke (FMA), Barthel Index (BI), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were assessed before, after treatment, and three months later. In the intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis, there were significant GROUP∗TIME interactions reflecting stronger gains in the sham group for scores in NIHSS, FMA, BI, MoCA, and four SIS domains. At three months post intervention, the sham group improved significantly compared to posttreatment in FMA, NIHSS, BI, and three SIS domains while no significant changes occurred in the active group. Also at three months, NIHSS improved significantly in the sham group and worsened significantly in the active group. FMA scores at baseline were higher in the active than in the sham group. After adjustment of analysis according to baseline scores, the between-group differences in FMA changes were no longer statistically significant. Finally, none of the between-group differences in changes in outcomes after treatment were considered clinically relevant. In conclusion, active CtDCSM1UH did not have beneficial effects, compared to sham. These results were consistent with other studies that applied comparable tDCS intensities/current densities or treated subjects with severe upper limb motor impairments during the first weeks post stroke. Dose-finding studies early after stroke are necessary before planning larger clinical trials.

Sphingomyelinase D Activity in Sicarius tropicus Venom: Toxic Potential and Clues to the Evolution of SMases D in the Sicariidae Family.

The spider family Sicariidae includes three genera, Hexophthalma, Sicarius and Loxosceles. The three genera share a common characteristic in their venoms: the presence of Sphingomyelinases D (SMase D). SMases D are considered the toxins that cause the main pathological effects of the Loxosceles venom, that is, those responsible for the development of loxoscelism. Some studies have shown that Sicarius spiders have less or undetectable SMase D activity in their venoms, when compared to Hexophthalma. In contrast, our group has shown that Sicarius ornatus, a Brazilian species, has active SMase D and toxic potential to envenomation. However, few species of Sicarius have been characterized for their toxic potential. In order to contribute to a better understanding about the toxicity of Sicarius venoms, the aim of this study was to characterize the toxic properties of male and female venoms from Sicarius tropicus and compare them with that from Loxosceles laeta, one of the most toxic Loxosceles venoms. We show here that S. tropicus venom presents active SMases D. However, regarding hemolysis development, it seems that these toxins in this species present different molecular mechanisms of action than that described for Loxosceles venoms, whereas it is similar to those present in bacteria containing SMase D. Besides, our results also suggest that, in addition to the interspecific differences, intraspecific variations in the venoms' composition may play a role in the toxic potential of venoms from Sicarius species.

What fisher diets reveal about fish stocks.

Tracking fish consumption could provide additional information on changes to fish stocks, one of the planet's main protein sources. We used data on seafood consumption in fishing villages in Brazil over time to test for changes in: species richness, diversity, and composition, fish size and trophic levels, consumption of endangered species, and functional diversity (namely, species with different behavioral and habitat preferences). Our results demonstrate the potential to include this additional data source to complement fisheries data, especially in data-poor countries. With respect to Brazil specifically, we identified a decrease in both the average trophic level and size of the species consumed. While the consumption of endangered species had always been low, most of these species changed over time, thereby suggesting that many, especially elasmobranchs, may have become rare on the plates. Although it may be hard to fully isolate cultural changes from biodiversity changes when it comes to analyzing consumption data, by examining diets it is possible to identify aspects worth investigating further, such as, whether the decrease in dietary trophic levels mirrors a decrease in environmental trophic levels. In places where fisheries data are either inexistent or limited, diet track surveys, such as household expenditure programs, can help trace the changes caused by fisheries in stocks and habitats.

Evaluation of Sensitivity in Specific Points of the Areola and Nipple of Patients Submitted to Reduction Mammoplasty With Periareolar Dermis Release: A Randomized Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: To date, studies on periareolar dermis release have recorded the areola sensitivity as a mean. Despite being clinically reported by patients, specific points of the areola may present sensitivities not detected when researchers only consider mean values. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the pressure sensitivity at specific points of the nipple-areola complex and compare these values with the mean value measured in the areolas of patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty with periareolar dermis release. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized controlled trial of 39 consecutive patients (78 breasts) who underwent surgery for treatment of breast hypertrophy; the same surgical technique was used for all patients. In each patient, 1 breast was assigned to a control group and the other to an experimental group. The periareolar dermis release was performed in the experimental group (39 breasts). Pressure sensitivity was tested with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments on the papilla and at 4 specific points of the areola. The evaluations were conducted preoperatively and at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: The group comparisons show a statistically significant difference in sensitivity at the medial point of the areola and in the papilla at 3 weeks postoperation. This difference disappeared in the 1-year evaluation. This recovery profile also occurs when areola sensitivity corresponds to a mean value. The sensitivity significantly decreased at the lower point of the areola up to 1 year postoperation in the control and experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The periareolar dermis release did not compromise the pressure sensitivity at the points evaluated in the nipple-areola complex. The mean areola sensitivity differed from the sensitivity at the lower point of the areola.

Elementos gímnicos presentes nas brincadeiras no parque de uma instituição escolar infantil: uma abordagem com foco nos padrões básicos de movimento / Gymnastic elements present in the play in the park of a children's school institution: an approach focusing on basic movement patterns / Elementos gimnásticos presentes en el juego en el parque de una institución escolar infantil: un enfoque centrado en los patrones de movimiento básicos

A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a presença de elementos gímnicos nas brincadeiras de crianças em um parque construído com material alternativo (pneus) no contexto de uma instituição educativa de Educação Infantil no Município de Diamantina-MG, amparado no referencial dos Padrões Básicos de Movimento (PBMs) elencados por Russel (2010). Com caráter descritivo, utilizou-se como técnica de coleta das informações a observação sistemática, realizadas durante horários destinados ao livre brincar, com presença do professor regente. Neste sentido, a pesquisa contou com fotos, filmagens e anotações realizadas em diário de campo, possibilitando interpretar e categorizar os movimentos infantis na abordagem dos PBMs. Os resultados apontam que estes padrões permeiam o universo infantil através das brincadeiras e experimentações corporais, nas quais precisam ser estimuladas e vivenciadas pelas crianças no sentido de se proporcionar a ampliação dos saberes corporais.

The research aimed to identify the presence of gymnastic elements in children's play in a park built with alternative material (tires) in the context of an educational institution for early childhood education in the municipality of Diamantina-MG, supported by the Basic Movement Standards (BMS), listed by Russel (2010). With a descriptive character, systematic observation was used as a technique for collecting information, performed during times intended for free play, with the presence of the conducting teacher. In this sense, the research included photos, footage and notes taken in a field diary, making it possible to interpret and categorize children's movements in the approach to PBMs. The results indicate that these patterns permeate the children's universe through body play and experimentation, in which they need to be stimulated and experienced by children in order to provide the expansion of body knowledge.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la presencia de elementos gimnásticos en el juego infantil en un parque construido con material alternativo (llantas) en el contexto de una institución educativa para la educación infantil en el municipio de Diamantina-MG, sustentado en los Estándares Básicos de Movimiento (PBM), enumerado por Russel (2010). Con carácter descriptivo, se utilizó la observación sistemática como técnica de recolección de información, realizada en tiempos destinados al juego libre, con la presencia del maestro director. En este sentido, la investigación incluyó fotografías, metraje y notas tomadas en un diario de campo, lo que permitió interpretar y categorizar los movimientos de los niños en el abordaje de los PBM. Los resultados indican que estos patrones impregnan el universo de los niños a través del juego y la experimentación corporales, en los que necesitan ser estimulados y experimentados por los niños para proporcionar la expansión del conocimiento corporal.

Immediate social and economic impacts of a major oil spill on Brazilian coastal fishing communities.

In August 2019, a major oil spill hit nine Brazilian coastal states, affecting marine ecosystems and fishing communities. In this study, we assess the immediate social and economic impacts of this oil spill on fishing communities of the northeast coast. We conducted semi-structured interviews and focal meetings with 381 fishers and shellfish gatherers to understand the perceived socioeconomic impacts on different types of fishing. We also obtained information on fish consumption after the oil spill, which we compared with data prior to the oil spill from the same communities. Sales decreased by more than 50% for all types of fishing, strongly impacting local income generation. These communities, which are already social-ecologically vulnerable, have had their subsistence, food security and cultural maintenance strongly compromised. We argue that there is a clear need for coordinated state interventions to mitigation the impacts, considering it's environmental, social, economic, human health and political dimensions.

Searching for the toxic potential of Loxosceles amazonica and Loxosceles willianilsoni spiders' venoms.

The Loxosceles genus belongs to the Sicariidae family and it comprises species whose venom can cause accidents with potentially fatal consequences. We have previously shown that SMase D is the enzyme responsible for the main pathological effects of Loxosceles venom. Despite the severity of accidents with Loxosceles, few species are considered to be of medical importance. Little is known about the venom of non-synanthropic species that live in natural environments. To contribute to a better understanding about the venom's toxicity of Loxosceles genus, the aim of this study was to (i) characterize the toxic properties of Loxosceles amazonica from two different localities and a recent described cave species Loxosceles willianilsoni and (ii) compare these venoms with that from Loxosceles laeta, which is among the most toxic ones. We show here that both L. amazonica venoms (from the two studied locations) and L. willianilsoni presented SMase D activity similar to that exhibited by L. laeta venom. Although L. amazonica and L. willianilsoni venoms were able to induce complement dependent human erythrocytes lysis, they were not able to induce cell death of human keratinocytes, as promoted by L. laeta venom, in the concentrations tested. These results indicate that other species of Loxosceles, in addition to those classified as medically important, have toxic potential to cause accidents in humans, despite interspecific variations that denote possible less toxicity.