ABSTRACT
Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC) has been related to the cholinergic system by the neurogenic and autoimmune theories. The neurogenic theory explains cardiomyopathy as a result of post-ganglionic parasympathetic denervation. Cyclophosphamide (CP) facilitates the development of autoimmune disease because of a selective depletion of suppressor T cells. In this study we characterized the phenylephrine-induced vasovagal reflex using selective cholinergic drugs, in two rat models: Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) infected animals and CCC CP-treated rat model. To achieve this goal, 3 week old-90 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), CP, TC and TCCP; TC and TCCP were inoculated with 1000 trypomastigotes/g; CP and TCCP were treated with CP 20 mg/Kg twice a week for five times. After 6 months, the studied animals underwent electrocardiographic (EKG), radiographic (Rx) and histopathological (HP) assesments. The vagal integrity was evaluated by application of phenylephrine (PE) plus tacrine, while the muscarinic cholinergic function was evaluated using selective M1, M2, M3 and M4 muscarinic antagonists. Our data show show that TCCP rats displayed the highest frequency of EKG, Rx and HP disturbances. TC and TCCP rats exhibited a decreased response to: 1) phenylephrine-induced vagal baroreflex bradycardia; 2) methoctramine-, 4-DAMP- and tropicamide-induced tachycardia; 3) methoctramine-induced QRS shortening, and 4) tropicamide-induced QT prolongation. In conclusion, CP facilitates the development of CCC in Trypanosoma cruzi infected rats, by promoting parasympathetic disturbances that appear as consequence of alterations on the muscarinic receptor distribution at different neural integration levels.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholine/physiology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/physiopathology , Cyclophosphamide/toxicity , Electrocardiography , Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology , Vagus Nerve/physiopathology , Animals , Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/chemically induced , Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/etiology , Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/physiopathology , Baroreflex/drug effects , Baroreflex/physiology , Bradycardia/chemically induced , Bradycardia/physiopathology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/chemically induced , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/diagnostic imaging , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/immunology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/pathology , Diamines/pharmacology , Models, Biological , Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , Radiography , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reflex, Abnormal , Tacrine/pharmacology , Tropicamide/pharmacology , Vagus Nerve/drug effects , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasoconstriction/physiologyABSTRACT
La Miocardiopatía Chagásica Crónica (MCC) se relaciona con el sistema colinérgico por las teorías neurogénica y autoinmune. La teoría neurogénica explica la MCC como resultado de la denervación parasimpática. La ciclofosfamida (CF) facilita el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunes por una depleción selectiva de las células T supresoras. En este estudio caracterizamos el reflejo vasovagal inducido por fenilefrina usando drogas colinérgicos, en dos modelos animales: ratas infectadas con Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) y ratas con MCC inducida por ciclofosfamida. 90 ratas Sprague Dawley fueron divididas en 4 grupos: Control (C), CF, TC y TCCF; los grupos TC y TCCF fueron inoculadas con 1000 tripomastigotes/g; los grupos CF y TCCF fueron tratados con CF 20 mg/kg dos veces por semana por 5 veces. Después de 6 meses de evolución de la infección, las ratas fueron sometidas a estudios electrocardiográficos (EKG), radiológicos (Rx) e histopatológicos (HP). La integridad vagal fue evaluada mediante fenilefrina y tacrina, la funcionalidad colinérgica mediante antagonistas muscarínicos selectivos. Los resultados mostraron que las ratas del grupo TCCF presentaron mayor frecuencia de trastornos electrocardiográficos, radiológicos e histopatológicos. Las ratas de los grupos TC y TCCF mostraron una respuesta disminuida a: fenilefrina que induce bradicardia refleja; metoctramina, 4-DAMP y tropicamida que inducen taquicardia; metoctramina que induce acortamiento del complejo QRS; y tropicamida que induce un alargamiento del intervalo QT. En conclusión, CF facilita el desarrollo de MCC en ratas infectadas con TC, promoviendo trastornos parasimpáticos que aparecen como consecuencia de alteraciones en la distribución de los receptores muscarínicos a diferentes niveles de integración neural.