Intraruminal controlled release of cyromazine for the prevention of Lucilia cuprina myiasis in sheep.

The efficacy of cyromazine, continuously released from intraruminal capsules at dose rates from 0.5 to 2 mg kg-1 d-1, was evaluated against implants of eggs and first instar larvae of Lucilia cuprina on Merino sheep. Estimates from the non-linear relationship between the success of implants and plasma concentrations showed that 95 per cent protection of sheep could be achieved at a mean release rate of 1.39 mg kg-1 d-1 cyromazine which gave rise to a mean plasma concentration of 0.26 mg litre-1. Present formulations allowed protection for about 90 days in a 40 kg sheep. The 'square wave' type of release profile provided negligible suboptimal dosing thus limiting the potential for selection of resistance. Systemic application of cyromazine provides control of covert and overt strike among sheep and could be used in ecologically based strategies for the control of L. cuprina populations.

Efficiency of oxfendazole administered as a single dose or in a controlled release capsule against benzimidazole-resistant haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Laboratory strains of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta selected for thiabendazole resistance were found to have a strong side resistance to a single dose of oxfendazole. The LD50 and LD95 in mg of drug per host liveweight were respectively 4.28 and 18.46 mg/kg for H contortus and 3.61 and 11.20 mg/kg for O circumcincta. A field strain of Trichostrongylus colubriformis that had not been selected with thiabendazole for seven years also had a strong side resistance to oxfendazole with approximately 50 per cent of its population resistant to the recommended dose rate of 5 mg/kg. Prolonged administration of oxfendazole by intraruminal controlled release capsules was found to be effective against both susceptible and resistant strains of the above parasites. The first observed effect of oxfendazole, from controlled release capsules, on resistant worms was a decrease in the percentage of eggs developing to third stage larvae. This was followed by a decrease in egg count and in worm numbers.

Controlled release of anthelmintic drugs: a new concept for prevention of helminthosis in sheep.

Anthelmintic effects of oxfendazole continuously released at 0:17, 0.28 and 0.47 mg/kg/day from intraruminal capsules were assessed in groups of sheep artificially infected with Ostertagia circumcincta. Removal of worms was directly related to both release rate and plasma concentrations of drug. At the highest level, worm burdens were removed within seven days of administration and anthelmintic efficiency was 99.9 +/- 0.04, 99.3 +/- 0.5 and 98.9 +/- 0.7 per cent against adult worms, developing fourth stage and early fourth stage larvae respectively. In a field experiment, comparisons were made of the parasitological and animal production differences between groups of weaned lambs which were given no treatment, a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg oxfendazole and capsules releasing either 0.24 or 0.48 mg/kg oxfendazole daily. By four days after administration of capsules worm egg counts were reduced and remained below detectable levels for up to 86 days. Worm counts from 'tracer' and flock sheep showed a reduction in worm numbers, especially for Trichostrongylus spp. Compared with untreated controls, live weight gain and fleece weight of sheep given capsules releasing 0.48 mg/kg oxfendazole daily was increased.

Activity against Ostertagia ostertagi of low doses of oxfendazole continuously released from intraruminal capsules in cattle.

Slow release from intraruminal capsules of 0.48 mg/kg oxfendazole per day for 5.5 days gave percentage efficiencies of 99 +/- 0.6, 86.6 +/- 6.3 and 93.1 +/- 4.5 for the removal of adult worms, developing 4th stages and inhibited larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi respectively. These efficiencies were not significantly different from those obtained from a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Peak plasma levels of oxfendazole were similar for the 2 types of administration but high levels were maintained longer in cattle given capsules.