ABSTRACT
The recommended equation to estimate the value of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among children is Schwartz equation updated in 2009. However, it is few frequently used because involves height, a factor rarely documented for laboratories, especially hospital laboratories. The FAS (Full Aged Spectrum) formula developed by a European group, allows to get away from this factor. We compared CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease-EPIdemiology collaboration) and FAS formulas to Schwartz equation to estimate GFR in children. We realized a retrospective study included 1.668 children between 2 and 14 years old, whose serum creatinine had been measured during their hospitalization stay. We showed that FAS formula is correlated to Schwartz (r = 0.88), with a mean underestimation of eGFR at 6.2% versus CKD-EPI which has a correlation coefficient equal to 0.45 and overestimates eGFR to approximatively 42.0% compared to Schwartz formula. Furthermore, concordance at 30% is 99% with FAS whereas it's only 35% with CKD-EPI. Thus, we recommend using the FAS formula to estimate GFR in children between 2 and 14 years old when their height is not available.
L'équation recommandée pour estimer le débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG) chez l'enfant est la formule de Schwartz mise à jour en 2009. Cependant, celle-ci n'est pas toujours utilisée en routine, car elle fait intervenir la taille, un paramètre auquel les laboratoires, notamment hospitaliers, n'ont pas facilement accès. La formule FAS (Full Aged Spectrum), mise au point par un groupe européen, permet de s'affranchir de la taille de l'enfant. Nous avons comparé les résultats du DFG obtenus à partir des équations CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease-EPIdemiology collaboration) et FAS, aux valeurs obtenues avec la formule de Schwartz. Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective sur 1 668 enfants âgés entre 2 et 14 ans dont le dosage de la créatininémie avait été effectué durant l'hospitalisation. Nous avons montré que l'équation FAS est bien corrélée à celle de Schwartz (r = 0,88), avec une sous-estimation moyenne du DFG de 6,2 % versus CKD-EPI qui a un coefficient de corrélation égal à 0,45 et qui surestime le DFG d'environ 42 % par rapport à la formule de Schwartz. De plus, la concordance à 30 % est de 99 % pour FAS alors qu'elle n'est que de 35 % pour CKD-EPI. Ainsi, nous recommandons d'utiliser l'équation FAS pour estimer le DFG chez l'enfant entre 2 et 14 ans lorsque la taille n'est pas disponible.
Subject(s)
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Child , Humans , Aged , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Retrospective Studies , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Creatinine , HospitalizationABSTRACT
Covid-19 infection is a potentially serious disease. Overweight, obesity, and diabetes are comorbidities frequently found in the severe form of the disease. Appropriate nutritional management of the patient is an integral part of care. We will discuss the renutrition of a 76-year-old, obese (BMI = 35kg/m2), malnourished patient, according to the 2021 Haute Autorité de santé criteria, with Covid-19 infection, admitted to the intensive care unit at the Bordeaux University Hospital for an acute respiratory distress syndrome. Adaptation of nutritional intakes was achieved by clinical and biological monitoring. A refeeding syndrome was treated on the first day of hospitalization in the intensive care unit. After thiamine supplementation and when kalemia and phosphatemia have been normalized, renutrition was started. Parenteral nutrition as a complement to oral nutrition was used. Parenteral nutrition was well tolerated; recommended caloric and protein intakes were achieved by the fourth day of hospitalization. The clinical evolution was favorable. In conclusion, patients with Covid-19 infection should be considered malnourished when admitted to the intensive care unit. Macro and micronutrient intakes adapted to metabolically stressed patients are essential. Biological monitoring including monitoring of ionogram, phosphate, uremia, creatinine, liver function tests and blood glucose is essential in the nutritional management of patients with serious Covid-19 infection.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Malnutrition , Aged , Biomarkers , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , Humans , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Malnutrition/etiology , Malnutrition/therapy , Nutritional Status , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Potential discrepancies between laboratory and estimated (from Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) have been reported by diabetologists. CGM devices produce an eA1c derived from average glucose and correlated with Time-in-Range (TIR, %) which is the relative time spent in a range of normal glycaemia. Through a case report, we studied the potential causes for these discrepancies. CGM devices estimate eA1c during the lifespan of the sensor, that is replaced every 14 days and HbA1c is a retrospective data of exposure to hyperglycemia over 8 to 12 weeks. In our case report, the patient had a poor glycemic control resulting in 9% eA1c compared to 7,4% HbA1c got by delocalized immune-assay (Siemens DCA-Vantage®), confirmed at 7,7% by HPLC (Variant II Turbo). On top of the CGM data, an increased labile A1c (LA1c) fraction was found on the patient's HbA1c HPLC profile, both in favor of a recently altered glycemic control. Thus, recent and/or substantial variations in glycemic control will increase the gap between HbA1c and eA1c, being a potential source of therapeutic errors. The differences of those markers, particularly the time window during which it is estimated, make them hardly comparable. As the use of CGM is becoming widespread, it is important to understand and harness its data and biomarkers.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Diabetes Mellitus , Biomarkers , Blood Glucose , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Humans , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Covid-19 is responsible for myocardial injury in many infected patients, which is associated with severe disease and critical illness. The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may cause myocardial damage involve direct effect of the virus in cardiac cells and indirect effect due to the clinical consequences of Covid-19. Cardiomyocytes are well known to express Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 receptors (ACE-2) to facilitate the virus cell entry, which could explain the occurrence of myocarditis, functional alterations in the myocardium, and more rarely, myocardial infarction. Myocardial injury may also be secondary to systemic inflammation or coagulopathy due to complicated Covid-19. The existence of a cardio-intestinal axis with alteration of tryptophan metabolism in the small bowel leading first to colitis and then to systemic inflammation has also been evoked to explain the myocardial injury. Morphological and metabolic disturbances of the heart during the Covid-19 are associated with elevated concentrations of cardiac blood biomarkers, mainly troponins and natriuretic peptides. The determination of these biomarkers has proven to be very useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. Indeed, recent data demonstrated that about 20% of infected patients admitted to the hospital have elevated troponin or BNP levels, and Covid-19 patients with elevated troponin concentrations beyond the diagnostic threshold (99th percentile) were associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, after more than a year of a unique global pandemic, it is now clearly established that myocardial injury during Covid-19 is frequent and strongly contributes to the severity of the disease. Cardiac alterations secondary to direct infection of cardiac cells by SARS-CoV-2 or to the clinical consequences of Covid-19 are associated with elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers in blood, whose measurement is crucial in clinical decision making.
