Physico-chemical stability of co-formulation of PEGylated human amylin with insulin.

Since the discovery of amylin no combined formulation with insulin has been made available. Amylin or its triple proline analog pramlintide are not compatible in solution with insulin. The drug candidate hAmy-PEG5k is a novel monoPEGylated amylin derivative with improved physicochemical properties and retained similar pharmacological activity compared to free amylin and pramlintide. We have investigated the short- and long-term physicochemical compatibility of hAmy-PEG5k co-formulated with slow-acting human insulin analogs glargine or detemir. While human amylin promptly aggregates over a large range of pH, and both free and in the presence of regular, glargine or detemir insulin, the hAmy-PEG5k analog is stable at these conditions as shown by Thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay. When hAmy-PEG5k (100 or 500 µg/mL) was added to the commercial formulations of either insulin glargine or detemir (95 IU/mL), the combinations remained stable after 6 months stored at 4 °C, as probed by ThT, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, confirming the absence of amyloid fibers, minor aggregation products or loss of material. These results suggest hAmy-PEG5k and the insulin analogs glargine and detemir are physicochemically compatible and are candidate ready-to-use fixed-dose combinations.

BZ043, a novel long-acting amylin analog, reduces gastric emptying, food intake, glycemia and insulin requirement in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Amylin analogs are important adjunctive drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, a dual therapy with insulin involves inconvenient multiple injections. Here we describe a novel n-terminal PEGylated human amylin analog - BZ043 - and its potential to improve the control of glycemia using lower doses of insulin. The effect of BZ043 over the insulin-mediated control of fed-glycemia was investigated in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes treated with the basal analog glargine (GLAR). Fasted rats (3 h) received a single treatment of BZ043 (16, 64 or 128 nmol/kg), GLAR (1.5 IU or 6.0 IU) or BZ043 plus GLAR low dose (1.5 IU) in separate injections, and had free access to 5% glucose rich chow and water. BZ043 dose-proportionally prevented the meal-related increase of glycemia, and the co-treatment (64 or 128 nmol/kg) with GLAR restored normoglycemia without abrupt variations of glycemia. BZ043 showed a prolonged anti-hyperglycemic effect and, together with GLAR, promoted a long-lasting normoglycemia, in vivo. We conceive that combining BZ043 and GLAR in a fixed-ratio co-formulation might conveniently improve the control of diabetes mellitus.

Surgical approach and clinical outcome of a deforming brown tumor at the maxilla in a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure.

Brown tumors are relatively uncommon but they are serious complications of renal osteodystrophy. We describe a 31-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease who had undergone hemodialysis for nine years and developed severe secondary hyperparathyroidism and a maxilla brown tumor despite increasing doses of oral calcitriol and calcium carbonate. The fast increase of the right maxillary bone tumor led to indication of parathyroidectomy (PTx). Despite normalization of serum PTH there was a slow regression of the mass and the patient still complained about her appearance after two-years of follow-up. Excision of the maxillary mass followed by recontouring of the maxilla was then performed, with adequate masticator rehabilitation.

Surgical approach and clinical outcome of a deforming brown tumor at the maxilla in a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure / Abordagem cirúrgica de um tumor marrom deformante em maxila após paratireoidectomia em paciente com hiperparatireoidismo secundário à insuficiência renal crônica

Brown tumors are relatively uncommon but they are serious complications of renal osteodystrophy. We describe a 31-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease who had undergone hemodialysis for nine years and developed severe secondary hyperparathyroidism and a maxilla brown tumor despite increasing doses of oral calcitriol and calcium carbonate. The fast increase of the right maxillary bone tumor led to indication of parathyroidectomy (PTx). Despite normalization of serum PTH there was a slow regression of the mass and the patient still complained about her appearance after two-years of follow-up. Excision of the maxillary mass followed by recontouring of the maxilla was then performed, with adequate masticator rehabilitation.

Tumores marrons são relativamente incomuns mas constituem sérias complicações da osteodistrofia renal. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente, 31 anos, com doença renal em estágio terminal, em hemodiálise há nove anos, que desenvolveu severo hiperparatireoidismo secundário com tumor marrom em maxila apesar de doses crescentes de calcitriol oral e carbonato de cálcio. O rápido aumento do tumor marrom em maxila levou à indicação de paratireoidectomia (PTx). Apesar da normalização dos níveis de PTH sérico, a regressão da massa tumoral foi lenta e a paciente questionava sobre sua aparência após dois anos de seguimento. A excisão da massa maxilar foi seguida da reconstrução com adequada função mastigatória.

Can we simplify the 100-g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy?

The aim of this study was to investigate if the omission of one of the glucose measurements in the 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (100-g OGTT) would have influenced the final diagnosis of GDM in a Brazilian cohort. We performed a retrospective study with 75 patients with GDM. The 100-g OGTT test was performed in 65 of these women. Twenty (30.76%), 24 (36.92%) and 21 (32.32%), respectively, had two, three and four values above the normal range. The mean fasting, 1, 2 and 3h glycemia were 109.81 +/- 33.34, 206.55 +/- 44.09, 188.13 +/- 46.52 and 142.12 +/- 49.53 mg/dl, respectively. They were above the cut-off values in 52 (80%), 55 (84.61%), 56 (86.1%) and 31 (47.6%) tests. The exclusion of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd measurements would have missed, respectively, 9 (10.5%), 16 (18.8%) and 13 (15.2%) cases. The omission of the 4th measurement would miss one case (1.17%). In conclusion, in our study, the omission of the last glucose measurement in the 3 h 100-g OGTT would not have caused a significant impact on the final diagnosis of GDM. Therefore, given the potential advantages of simplifying the test in terms of cost and convenience, the abbreviation of the 100-g OGTT should be considered.

Criptococose pulmonar pseudotumoral associada à síndrome de Cushing / Pseudotumoral pulmonary cryptococcosis in association with Cushing's syndrome

Em pacientes com síndrome de Cushing, observa-se freqüência aumentada de infecções oportunistas que possuem uma elevada mortalidade e estão associadas à gravidade do hipercortisolismo. Criptococose pulmonar é uma destas infecções oportunistas e pode mimetizar uma neoplasia pulmonar, tornando o seu diagnóstico difícil. Apresentamos um caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, jovem, com síndrome de Cushing ACTH-dependente e grave hipercortisolismo. O paciente obteve a cura após cirurgia transfenoidal, mas desenvolveu quadro febril. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax mostrou um nódulo pulmonar que não se alterava em radiografias seriadas. A investigação para tuberculose, infecção fúngica e bacteriana foi inconclusiva, tornando a hipótese de neoplasia pulmonar mais provável. O paciente faleceu por sepse urinária. A necropsia, no entanto, demonstrou tratar-se de criptococose pseudotumoral. Pacientes com síndrome de Cushing e infiltrado pulmonar devem ser avaliados quanto à infecção fúngica, como Cryptococcus neoformans.

[Pseudotumoral pulmonary cryptococcosis in association with Cushing's syndrome]. / Criptococose pulmonar pseudotumoral associada à síndrome de Cushing.

Opportunistic infections in endogenous Cushing's syndrome are associated with severe cortisol excess and carry a high mortality. Pulmonary cryptococcosis is one of these opportunistic infections and can mimic a lung neoplasm, therefore making its diagnosis difficult. We report a case of a young male with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome and severe hypercortisolism. The patient achieved cure after the transfenoidal surgery, but developed a febrile state. A chest computed tomography showed a pulmonary nodule that did not change in serial chest radiographs. Diagnosis of tuberculosis, fungal and bacterial infections were inconclusive, so the hypothesis of lung neoplasm became more probable. The necropsy, however, disclosed a pseudotumoral cryptococcosis. Opportunistic infections, like Cryptococcus neoformans, should be considered in patients with Cushing's syndrome and a pulmonary infiltrate.