What About the Little Ones? Systematic Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Following Early TBI.

There is increasing empirical focus on the effects of early traumatic brain injuries (TBI; i.e., before the age of six years) on child development, but this literature has never been synthetized comprehensively. This systematic review aimed to document the cognitive, academic, behavioral, socio-affective, and adaptive consequences of early TBI. Four databases (Medline, PsycNET, CINAHL, PubMed) were systematically searched from 1990 to 2019 using key terms pertaining to TBI and early childhood. Of 12, 153 articles identified in the initial search, 43 were included. Children who sustain early TBI are at-risk for a range of difficulties, which are generally worse when injury is sustained at a younger age, injury severity is moderate to severe, and injury mechanisms are non-accidental. Early childhood is a sensitive period for the emergence and development of new skills and behaviors, and brain disruption during this time is not benign. Research, clinical management, intervention, and prevention efforts should be further developed with consideration of the unique characteristics of the early childhood period.

Accuracy of the Diagnosis of Allergic Reactions in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Suspicion of an acute allergic reaction is a common reason for attending the emergency department (ED). However, there are few comparisons between the initial diagnosis of suspected allergic reaction made in the ED with the definitive diagnosis made subsequently in the allergy department (AD). Objective: To compare details of the initial diagnosis made in the ED relating to allergy with the final diagnosis made in the AD. METHODS: Patients attending the ED of 2 hospitals with suspected allergic reactions were prospectively enrolled based on key words. A certified allergy specialist reviewed the ED records of these patients and, if these were suggestive of an allergic reaction, the patients were scheduled for further evaluation at the allergy clinic. RESULTS: In total, 2000 patients were enrolled between April 2013 and October 2015. Of these, 1333 passed the initial assessment and underwent further evaluation. Of the 1333 patients, 528 underwent an allergological study, and 206 were confirmed as being allergic. With respect to drug allergy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most common triggers, followed by ß-lactams; in food allergy, plant-based foods were the most common. Only 16.4% of patients confirmed as having anaphylaxis in the AD were initially diagnosed with the condition in the ED. CONCLUSION: Of the 528 patients who finally underwent the full allergological study, fewer than half were confirmed as allergic. Moreover, anaphylaxis appears to be underdiagnosed in the ED. Better communication between the ED and the AD is necessary to improve the diagnosis and management of these patients.

Accuracy of the diagnosis of allergic reactions in the emergency department

Background: Suspicion of an acute allergic reaction is a common reason for attending the emergency department (ED). However, there are few comparisons between the initial diagnosis of suspected allergic reaction made in the ED with the definitive diagnosis made subsequently in the allergy department (AD).Objective: To compare details of the initial diagnosis made in the ED relating to allergy with the final diagnosis made in the AD. Methods: Patients attending the ED of 2 hospitals with suspected allergic reactions were prospectively enrolled based on key words. A certified allergy specialist reviewed the ED records of these patients and, if these were suggestive of an allergic reaction, the patients were scheduled for further evaluation at the allergy clinic. Results: In total, 2000 patients were enrolled between April 2013 and October 2015. Of these, 1333 passed the initial assessment and underwent further evaluation. Of the 1333 patients, 528 underwent an allergological study, and 206 were confirmed as being allergic. With respect to drug allergy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most common triggers, followed by ß-lactams; in food allergy, plant-based foods were the most common. Only 16.4% of patients confirmed as having anaphylaxis in the AD were initially diagnosed with the condition in the ED. Conclusion: Of the 528 patients who finally underwent the full allergological study, fewer than half were confirmed as allergic. Moreover, anaphylaxis appears to be underdiagnosed in the ED. Better communication between the ED and the AD is necessary to improve the diagnosis and management of these patients

Antecedentes: La sospecha de una reacción alérgica aguda es un motivo frecuente de consulta en urgencias. Sin embargo, hay pocos trabajos que comparen el diagnóstico inicial realizado en las unidades de urgencias con el diagnóstico definitivo realizado en las unidades de alergia. Objetivo: Analizar en detalle la sospecha diagnóstica inicial dada en urgencias con el diagnóstico definitivo en las consultas de alergia. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, que consistió en la selección, en base a palabras claves, de pacientes con sospecha de reacción alérgica. En la fase de screening, se seleccionaron los pacientes en base a las palabras claves, finalmente aquellos pacientes que presentan reacción sugestiva de alergia se seleccionaron para evaluación final. Resultados: Se revisaron 2.000 pacientes entre abril de 2013 y octubre de 2015, de los cuales 1.333 se seleccionaron para la evaluación. Finalmente, 528 se sometieron a un estudio alergológico y 206 se confirmaron como alérgicos. Con respecto a las reacciones por fármacos, los AINE y ß-lactámicos fueron los mayormente implicados; en relación con los alimentos, los de origen vegetal fueron los más frecuentes. Sólo el 16,4% de los pacientes con anafilaxia confirmada tras el estudio de alergia, fueron diagnosticados inicialmente en urgencias. Conclusión: Sólo la mitad de los pacientes que finalizaron en estudio fueron confirmados como alérgicos. Un dato importante es el infradiagnóstico de la anafilaxia en las urgencias. Por ello pensamos que es necesaria una mejor comunicación entre las unidades de urgencias y alergia para mejorar el manejo clínico y terapéutico de estos pacientes

Consultation with registered dietitian to prevent accidental reactions to food: insight from an egg allergy influenza vaccination cohort.

Egg is an ubiquitous allergen found in many food products. Current food allergy guidelines recognize the importance of consultation with a registered dietitian to ensure nutritional adequacy. However, there is a lack of evidence on its impact on the implementation of allergen avoidance strategies. Taking advantage of a well-characterized cohort of influenza vaccination in egg-allergic children (n=397), we tested the hypothesis that real-life professional dietary advice was associated with a decrease in accidental reactions to egg in allergic children with retrospective questionnaires. Lack of consultation with a dietitian was associated with a 1.89-fold increase in the risk of accidental reactions to egg (confidence interval: 1.47-2.42). The only other independent variable that predicted reactions was having had a history of acute reaction to egg prior diagnosis (relative risk=2.02; confidence interval: 1.64-3.00). These findings support the usefulness of referral to a food allergy-specialized dietitian at time of diagnosis in order to prevent future accidental reactions to egg.

The addition of benzylpenicillin does not increase the skin test sensitivity obtained with classic Beta-lactam determinants

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