ABSTRACT
Spo0A, the response regulator protein controlling the initiation of sporulation in Bacillus, has two distinct domains, an N-terminal phosphoacceptor (or receiver) domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding (or effector) domain. The phosphoacceptor domain mediates dimerization of Spo0A on phosphorylation. A comparison of the crystal structures of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated response regulators suggests a mechanism of activation in which structural changes originating at the phosphorylatable aspartate extend to the alpha4beta5alpha5 surface of the protein. In particular, the data show an important role in downstream signalling for a conserved aromatic residue (Phe-105 in Spo0A), the conformation of which alters upon phosphorylation. In this study, we have prepared a Phe-105 to Ala mutant to probe the contribution of this residue to Spo0A function. We have also made an alanine substitution of the neighbouring residue Tyr-104 that is absolutely conserved in the Spo0As of spore-forming Bacilli. The spo0A(Y104A) and spo0A(F105A) alleles severely impair sporulation in vivo. In vitro phosphorylation of the purified proteins by phosphoramidate is unaffected, but dimerization and DNA binding are abolished by the mutations. We have identified intragenic suppressor mutations of spo0A(F105A) and shown that these second-site mutations in the purified proteins restore phosphorylation-dependent dimer formation. Our data support a model in which dimerization and signal transduction between the two domains of Spo0A are mediated principally by the alpha4beta5alpha5 signalling surface in the receiver domain.
Subject(s)
Bacillus subtilis/physiology , Bacterial Proteins/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Bacillus subtilis/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Base Sequence , DNA Primers , Dimerization , Ethyl Methanesulfonate/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Mutagenesis , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Phosphorylation , Plasmids/genetics , Protein Conformation , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Spores, Bacterial/physiology , Transcription Factors/chemistry , Transcription Factors/genetics , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Bacterial response regulators are attractive targets for antibacterial drug development, yet random screening against these targets has failed as yet to identify chemicals that constitute viable leads. Alternative methods to provide leads for drug development based on identification and optimization of low affinity ligands from NMR screens have been described. However, leads from these processes still require verification in a bioassay, which is often problematic if compounds have unfavorable optical and solubility properties. A simple method, based on using NMR to observe the activity of the target, is described. It has the advantages of being able to characterize both low affinity leads and a wider selection of compounds in a structure activity relationships series, without the problems affecting a fluorescence assay. In this example we use (31)P to monitor the turnover of a bacterial response regulator, but the generic approach could be applied to other nuclei and thus a range of biological systems.
