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1.
Am J Infect Control ; 41(2): e7-9, 2013 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23369317

ABSTRACT

This report describes an outbreak caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal care unit possibly linked to feeding bottles heaters. Infection control measures were undertaken such as reinforcement of contact isolation precautions, environmental microbiologic sampling, educational sessions on hand hygiene, and use of sterilized water to refill feeding bottles heaters. The sustained eradication of P aeruginosa isolates after implementing control measures on feeding bottles heaters strongly suggests those as the source of the outbreak.


Subject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Environmental Microbiology , Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Bottle Feeding , Humans , Infant Care , Infant, Newborn , Infection Control/methods
2.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 25(1): 42-46, mar. 2012. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-99752

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Streptococcus agalactiae es el agente etiológico más prevalente de enfermedad invasiva en el recién nacido (sepsis, neumonía y meningitis), además de tener un papel importante en fiebres puerperales, infecciones del tracto urinario e infecciones postquirúrgicas. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue conocer la evolución de la resistencia a macrólidos y lincosamidas. Métodos. El fenotipo de resistencia se estableció mediante aproximación de discos (eritromicina-clindamicina): M (bomba de expulsión) o MLSB (metilasa). Los mecanismos genéticos de resistencia se establecieron mediante PCR para los genes ermB, ermA, ermTR, mefA/E. El tipado molecular se realizó por macrorrestricción de ADN cromosómico y electroforesis en campo pulsado. Resultados. Durante 8 años se aislaron 300 cepas de S. agalactiae, de las que 78 (26%) cepas fueron resistentes a eritromicina y 70 (23%) cepas fueron resistentes a lincosamidas. El 21% presentaron fenotipo MLSB constitutivo (todas portadoras del gen ermB, excepto una) y CMI90 para eritromicina ≥ 256 mg/L. El 2.3% presentaron fenotipo MLSB inducible (todas portadoras del gen ermTR) con CMI90 = 6 mg/L y el 2,7% fenotipo M (todas portadoras de los genes mefA/E) con CMI90 = 6 mg/L. El estudio de identidad clonal reveló dos clones predominantes que incluían el 56,6% de las cepas estudiadas. El 90,5% de las cepas del clon A portaban el gen ermB. Conclusiones. El estado de resistencia en nuestra área geográfica se encuentra en el límite superior del detectado en el resto del país, pero no se ha observado incremento a lo largo del periodo estudiado(AU)


Introduction. Streptococcus agalactiae is the most prevalent agent of invasive disease in the newborn (sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis), as well as an important cause of puerperal fever, urinary tract infection and surgical site infection. The aim of our study was to know the evolution of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in this microorganism. Methods. Resistance phenotypes were established according to the erythromycin-clindamycin induction test: M (efflux pump) or MLSB (methylase). Genetic mechanisms were detected by PCR for the following genes: ermB, ermA, ermTR, and mefA/E. Molecular typing was based on chromosomal DNA macrorestriction and detection of fragments using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results. During 8 years, 300 isolates of S. agalactiae were recovered. Seventy-eight (26%) were resistant to macrolides, and seventy (23%) were resistant to lincosamides. Constitutive MLSB was observed in 21% of the isolates (all but one carrying the ermB gene), with a erythromycin MIC90 ≥ 256 mg/L. Inducible MLSB was observed in 2.3% of the isolates (all carrying the ermTR gene), with a MIC90 of 6 mg/L. M phenotype was observed in 2.7% of the isolates (all carrying the mefA/E gene), with a MIC90 of 6 mg/L. Molecular typing revealed the presence of two major clones (A and B) comprising 56.6% of the isolates. Most of the isolates (90.5%) belonging to clon A carried the ermB gene. Conclusions. Macrolide resistance in our area is similar to that observed in the rest of Spain, but there has been no increase in the incidence rate along the study period(AU)


Subject(s)
Macrolides/analysis , Macrolides/pharmacology , Macrolides/pharmacokinetics , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification , Erythromycin/pharmacokinetics , Clindamycin/pharmacokinetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/trends , Streptococcus agalactiae , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field/trends , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
3.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 25(9): 570-5, 2007 Nov.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17953897

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is coded by the ermB and mefA/E genes. The aim of this study was to determine the status of macrolide-resistance, the molecular mechanisms involved, the serogroup relationships, and the level of co-resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands, Spain. METHODS: Macrolide resistance phenotypes were investigated in 261 S. pneumoniae clinical isolates over a two-year period (2004 and 2005). Genotypes were determined by PCR (detection of ermB and mefA/E genes). RESULTS: Overall macrolide resistance was 40.6% (106 isolates); 79.2% (84) of resistant isolates presented the MLSB phenotype (98.8% harbored the ermB gene), with a predominance of serogroup 19, and 20.8% (22) presented the M phenotype (77.3% displayed the mefA/E gene), all associated with serogroup 14. Worthy of note, the M phenotype was found in 8 invasive isolates from Lanzarote (80%) all from serogroup 14. The ermB and mefA/E genes were detected in 7 isolates belonging to serogroup 19. Absence of co-resistance was observed most frequently in serogroup 14 (66.7%). Co-resistance with penicillin G, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with serogroup 19 (36.8%). Two isolates (0.8%) were resistant to telithromycin. CONCLUSION: The frequency of macrolide resistance mechanisms in the Canary Islands is different from that observed in the rest of Spain, particularly in Lanzarote, where 80% of isolates harbored the mefA/E gene and belonged to serogroup 14.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Macrolides/pharmacology , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Atlantic Islands/epidemiology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Female , Genotype , Humans , Infant , Male , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Phenotype , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Serotyping , Spain/epidemiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification
4.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 25(9): 570-575, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-056957

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La resistencia a macrólidos en Streptococcus pneumoniae está codificada por los genes ermB y mefA/E. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer el estado de resistencia a macrólidos, los mecanismos moleculares implicados, la relación con los serogrupos y la corresistencia en las islas de Gran Canaria y Lanzarote. Métodos. Sobre 261 cepas aisladas durante dos años (2004-2005), se estudiaron los fenotipos de resistencia a macrólidos. Los genes ermB y mefA/E se detectaron por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Resultados. La resistencia global a macrólidos fue del 40,6% (106 cepas). El 79,2% (84) de las cepas presentó el fenotipo MLSB (el 98,8% portó el gen ermB), con predominio del serogrupo 19. El 20,8% (22) de las cepas presentó el fenotipo M (el 77,3% portó el gen mefA/E), con predominio del serogrupo 14. Destacamos la presencia del fenotipo M (8 cepas, 80%) en cepas invasivas de Lanzarote, todas del serogrupo 14. Se detectaron 7 cepas del serogrupo 19 portadoras de los genes ermB y mefA/E. La ausencia de corresistencia se relacionó con el serogrupo 14 (66,7%). La corresistencia con penicilina G, tetraciclina y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol se relacionó con el serogrupo 19 (36,8%). Dos cepas (0,8%) fueron resistentes a telitromicina. Conclusión. La frecuencia de los mecanismos de resistencia a macrólidos en Canarias es diferente a la del resto de España, en particular en Lanzarote, con un predominio del gen mefA/E (80% de las cepas, todas ellas del serogrupo 14) (AU)


Background. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is coded by the ermB and mefA/E genes. The aim of this study was to determine the status of macrolide-resistance, the molecular mechanisms involved, the serogroup relationships, and the level of co-resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands, Spain. Methods. Macrolide resistance phenotypes were investigated in 261 S. pneumoniae clinical isolates over a two-year period (2004 and 2005). Genotypes were determined by PCR (detection of ermB and mefA/E genes). Results. Overall macrolide resistance was 40.6% (106 isolates); 79.2% (84) of resistant isolates presented the MLSB phenotype (98.8% harbored the ermB gene), with a predominance of serogroup 19, and 20.8% (22) presented the M phenotype (77.3% displayed the mefA/E gene), all associated with serogroup 14. Worthy of note, the M phenotype was found in 8 invasive isolates from Lanzarote (80%) all from serogroup 14. The ermB and mefA/E genes were detected in 7 isolates belonging to serogroup 19. Absence of co-resistance was observed most frequently in serogroup 14 (66.7%). Co-resistance with penicillin G, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with serogroup 19 (36.8%). Two isolates (0.8%) were resistant to telithromycin. Conclusion. The frequency of macrolide resistance mechanisms in the Canary Islands is different from that observed in the rest of Spain, particularly in Lanzarote, where 80% of isolates harbored the mefA/E gene and belonged to serogroup 14 (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance , Macrolides/pharmacokinetics , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
5.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 23(7): 415-8, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16159541

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Spanish hepatitis B carriers, and to study the differences in epidemiological characteristics, e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, serum DNA viral levels (VL) and liver function alterations. METHODS: This study included 108 patients. Genotyping was carried out in 84 with the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay (Innogenetics). RESULTS: There were 41 women and 67 men, with a mean age of 44.1 years. The source of transmission was family contact in 26 patients (24.1%); transfusions in 10 (9.3%); sexual promiscuity in 9 (8.3%), intravenous drug use in 3 (2.8%), health care accident in 2 (1.8%); and unknown causes in 58 (53.7%). Forty patients had chronic hepatitis and 68 (63%) were healthy carriers. The time of evolution of the infection was known in only in 45 patients, and was over 10 years in 42 of them. One hundred patients (92.6%) were HbeAg-negative and 90 (83.3%) had detectable viral DNA. Genotype A was present in 46 (54.8%), D in 20 (23.8%), F in 2 (2,4%), C in 1 (1.2%), A-G coinfection in 7 (8.3%), A-D in 4 (4.8%), D-G in 2 (2,4%), A-C in 1 (1.2%), and A-D-G in 1 (1.2%). There were no significant differences between genotypes. A trend towards an association was found between VL

Subject(s)
Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology , Adult , Atlantic Islands/epidemiology , Carrier State , Female , Genotype , Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Viral Load
6.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 23(7): 415-418, ago. 2005. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-039897

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Conocer la distribución de genotipos del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) de pacientes españoles portadores crónicos y su relación con las características epidemiológicas, la presencia de antígeno e, el nivel sérico del ADN viral (CV) y la alteración de la función hepática. Métodos. Se estudiaron 108 pacientes. El genotipo se realizó en 84 mediante INNO-LiPA HBV Genotyping-Innogenetics. Resultados. De los pacientes, 41 fueron mujeres y 67 hombres, con una edad media de 44,1 años. Las fuentes de transmisión fueron: contacto familiar, 26 pacientes (24,1%); transfusiones, 10 (9,3%); promiscuidad sexual, 9 (8,3%); adicción a drogas parenterales, 3 (2,8%); accidente sanitario, 2 (1,8%) y en 58 (53,7%) se desconocía. Cuarenta pacientes (37%) presentaron una hepatitis crónica (HC) y 68 (63%) eran portadores asintomáticos. Sólo en 45 pacientes se conocía el tiempo de evolución de la infección y en 42 fue mayor de 10 años. Cien pacientes (92,6%) presentaron antígeno e-negativo y 90 (83,3%) tuvieron ADN viral detectable. La distribución de genotipos fue: A, 46 (54,8%); D, 20 (23,8%); F, 2 (2,4%); C, 1 (1,2%), coinfección A-G, 7 (8,3%); A-D, 4 (4,8%); D-G, 2 (2,4%); A-C, 1 (1,2%) y A-D-G, 1 (1,2%). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre genotipos. Se observó una tendencia en el genotipo A a presentar HC cuando la CV ≤ 10 5 copias/ml (28,9% de los casos) frente al genotipo D (7,7%) (p no significativa). Conclusiones. En nuestra área predomina el genotipo A, D y las coinfecciones con G. Observamos una tendencia del genotipo A a producir una mayor actividad inflamatoria cuando la CV ≤ 10 5 copias/ml (AU)


Objective. To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Spanish hepatitis B carriers, and to study the differences in epidemiological characteristics, e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, serum DNA viral levels (VL) and liver function alterations. Methods. This study included 108 patients. Genotyping was carried out in 84 with the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay (Innogenetics).Results. There were 41 women and 67 men, with a mean age of 44.1 years. The source of transmission was family contact in 26 patients (24.1%); transfusions in 10 (9.3%); sexual promiscuity in 9 (8.3%), intravenous drug use in 3 (2.8%), health care accident in 2 (1.8%); and unknown causes in 58 (53.7%). Forty patients had chronic hepatitis and 68 (63%) were healthy carriers. The time of evolution of the infection was known in only in 45 patients, and was over 10 years in 42 of them. One hundred patients (92.6%) were HbeAg-negative and 90 (83.3%) had detectable viral DNA. Genotype A was present in 46 (54.8%), D in 20 (23.8%), F in 2 (2,4%), C in 1 (1.2%), A-G coinfection in 7 (8.3%), A-D in 4 (4.8%), D-G in 2 (2,4%), A-C in 1 (1.2%), and A-D-G in 1 (1.2%). There were no significant differences between genotypes. A trend towards an association was found between VL ≤ 10 5 copies/mL and the presence of chronic hepatitis in genotype A (28.9%) as opposed to genotype D (7.7%) (p non significant). Conclusions. HBV genotypes A and D, and coinfections with G are predominant in our area. Genotype A showed a tendency to produce greater inflammatory activity when VL was ≤ 10 5 copies/ml (AU)


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology , Atlantic Islands/epidemiology , Genotype , Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology , Prevalence , Viral Load
7.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 74(4): 419-424, jul. 2000.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-9693

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTOS: Se plantea A) Conocer la tasa de portadores y los tipos circulantes de Neisseria Meningitidis en la población residente en el área de salud de Gran Canaria. B) Conocer el patrón de distribución de estos portadores. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un diseño descriptivo transversal, con un muestreo aleatorio en etapas múltiples y por conglomerados. Se determinó un tamaño muestral mínimo de 707 personas para una prevalencia esperada del 8,6 por ciento, con una confianza del 95,6 por ciento y precisión de 0,02. Asumiendo que un 15 por ciento de las personas no quisieran colaborar, se incrementó el tamaño muestral a 831 personas, distribuidas en cada conglomerado de manera proporcional a la población existente. Este tamaño se distribuyó a su vez, en cuatro grandes grupos de edad y sexo, proporcionalmente a su importancia en cada zona básica de salud seleccionada aleatoriamente. Los individuos de la muestra se identificaban entre los que acudían a las unidades de extracción, y una vez superados los criterios de exclusión se les solicitaba su colaboración voluntaria en el estudio. Si aceptaban, se les cumplimentaba un cuestionario que englobaba diferentes variables de interés epidemiológico y se les realizaba un frotis faríngeo. Al haber seleccionado los equipos de Atención Primaria con muestreo aleatorio simple y seguir el mismo método para elegir los individuos dentro de ellos, la estimación de la prevalencia se realizó mediante estimador no sesgado. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron un total de 828 muestras, lo que supuso un 99,6 por ciento de las previstas. Salvo tres, todos los individuos seleccionados participaron voluntariamente en el estudio, lo que le confiere una alta representatividad. Todas las cepas obtenidas correspondían a N. Meningitidis Serogrupo B, salvo una identificada como N. Meningitidis Serogrupo C Sero/Subtipo 4:P1.2,5. Las cepas de N. Meningitidis serogrupo B identificadas, correspondían a 25 serosubtipos diferentes. La prevalencia puntual tras haber estudiado la muestra fue de 6,45 por ciento, la varianza=0,0275 y el error estándar = 1,66. Podemos afirmar con una confianza del 95 por ciento, que la prevalencia de portadores de N. Meningitidis en el área de salud de Gran Canaria, se estima entre el 3,2 por ciento y el 9,7 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: Se comprueba un claro predominio de cepas N. Meningitidis serogrupo B entre los portadores. No aparecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prevalencia observada entre los distintos grupos de edad, ni entre ambos sexos (AU)


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Child, Preschool , Child , Adult , Adolescent , Aged , Male , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Female , Humans , Spain , Reproducibility of Results , Prevalence , Sample Size , Age Distribution , Sex Distribution , Neisseria meningitidis , Random Allocation , Carrier State , Cross-Sectional Studies
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