Treatment outcome in patients with peri-implantitis in a periodontal clinic: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The number of placed implants has grown during the past decade, and the prevalence of peri-implantitis has increased. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the treatment outcome of peri-implantitis and to identify factors influencing the treatment success rate. METHODS: The study was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study on a referral population. The material included 382 implants with peri-implantitis in 150 patients. Peri-implantitis was defined as presence of pocket depths ≥5 mm, bleeding at probing and/or suppuration, and the presence of implant radiographic bone loss ≥3 mm or bone loss comprising at least three threads of the implant. Variance analyses, χ(2) analyses, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants at baseline was found to be 64 years (range: 22 to 87 years). The mean ± SD follow-up time was 26 ± 20 months, and the mean time between implant installation and baseline was 6.4 years (range: 1 to 20 years). Periodontal flap surgery with osteoplasty was the most common type of therapy (47%), and regenerative surgery procedures with bone substitute materials were chosen in 20% of the cases. The mean success rate at patient level was 69%. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that the success rate was significantly lower for individuals with the diagnosis of severe periodontitis, severe marginal bone loss around the implants, poor oral hygiene, and low compliance. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the peri-implantitis therapy was impaired by severe periodontitis, severe marginal bone loss around the implants, poor oral hygiene, and low compliance.

Gene expression profiles in paired gingival biopsies from periodontitis-affected and healthy tissues revealed by massively parallel sequencing.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the soft tissue and bone that surrounds the teeth. Despite extensive research, distinctive genes responsible for the disease have not been identified. The objective of this study was to elucidate transcriptome changes in periodontitis, by investigating gene expression profiles in gingival tissue obtained from periodontitis-affected and healthy gingiva from the same patient, using RNA-sequencing. Gingival biopsies were obtained from a disease-affected and a healthy site from each of 10 individuals diagnosed with periodontitis. Enrichment analysis performed among uniquely expressed genes for the periodontitis-affected and healthy tissues revealed several regulated pathways indicative of inflammation for the periodontitis-affected condition. Hierarchical clustering of the sequenced biopsies demonstrated clustering according to the degree of inflammation, as observed histologically in the biopsies, rather than clustering at the individual level. Among the top 50 upregulated genes in periodontitis-affected tissues, we investigated two genes which have not previously been demonstrated to be involved in periodontitis. These included interferon regulatory factor 4 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18, which were also expressed at the protein level in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis. In conclusion, this study provides a first step towards a quantitative comprehensive insight into the transcriptome changes in periodontitis. We demonstrate for the first time site-specific local variation in gene expression profiles of periodontitis-affected and healthy tissues obtained from patients with periodontitis, using RNA-seq. Further, we have identified novel genes expressed in periodontitis tissues, which may constitute potential therapeutic targets for future treatment strategies of periodontitis.

Detection of the highly leucotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in members of a Caucasian family living in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: carriers of the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exhibit an enhanced risk for developing aggressive periodontitis compared with individuals carrying non-JP2 clones. While the JP2 clone is almost exclusively detected among adolescents of African descent, reports on Caucasians colonized with the JP2 clone are remarkably few. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this paper is to report on the history of periodontal disease and microbiological findings in a Caucasian family. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a. actinomycetemcomitans and other periodontitis-associated bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples were quantified by conventional culture technique. Leucotoxin promoter typing, serotyping and further characterizations of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates were performed by PCR. DNA sequencing of the pseudogene, hbpA was performed to determine the origin of the detected JP2 clones. Further, genetically ancestry testing of family members was carried out. RESULTS: the JP2 clone was detected in samples from two of the family members, a 33-year-old daughter and her 62-year-old mother. Relationship of their JP2 clones with JP2 clone strains from the Mediterranean area of Africa was indicated. Genotyping confirmed the Caucasian origin of all family members. CONCLUSIONS: Caucasian JP2 carriers exist and older subjects can carry the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Periodontitis progession in patients subjected to supportive maintenance care.

The maintenance care following the initial active therapy phase plays an essential part in periodontal treatment to prevent disease progression and includes supportive periodontal therapy based on the patient's individual needs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal proximal alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in periodontitis-prone patients during the active treatment and maintenance phase. In addition, the effect on disease progression of potential predictors was investigated. The investigation was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study over a period of at least 10 years on a randomly selected population of patients referred for periodontal treatment in a specialist periodontal clinic. The mean number of teeth lost between baseline and the first re-evaluation was 2.4 and another 2.3 teeth were lost between the first and last re-evaluation. More than 50% of the periodontal pockets > or = 6 mm were reduced to < or = 5 mm at the re-evaluations. The mean longitudinal bone loss was 9% of the root length, corresponding to a mean annual marginal bone loss of about 0.09 mm. Smoking was significantly correlated to an increased longitudinal tooth loss, while the number of periodontal pockets > or = 6 mm at baseline was significantly correlated to an increased longitudinal bone loss. The magnitudes of marginal bone loss and tooth loss during a maintenance phase of 10-26 years were in accordance with the results from longitudinal studies performed on normal populations in Sweden.

Relationship between tooth loss/probing depth and systemic disorders in periodontal patients.

During the last decades, many published studies have focused on the associations between periodontal disease and different systemic disorders. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the relationship between occurrence of systemic disorders and the two variables mean number of teeth and periodontal probing pocket depth after stratification according to smoking habits. The study was conducted as a retrospective study based on consecutive selection of patients at a specialist clinic of Periodontology. The study population consisted of 1854 individuals. Of these, 797 were males, and 1057 were females. Multiple regression analyses were adopted in order to calculate the partial correlations between the number of remaining teeth/the relative frequency of periodontal probing depths > or = 5 mm and presence of systemic disease for different strata according to sex and smoking habits with age included as an independent variable. Non-smoking men with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease had significantly fewer teeth compared to non-smoking men without systemic disorder. In conclusion, cardio-vascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease may be regarded as risk indicators of tooth loss in men. However, in order to investigate hypotheses concerning potential risk factors, emerging from cross-sectional studies, being true risk factors of tooth loss, longitudinal prospective studies including established risk factors along with new exposures of interest as covariates are required.

Systemic disorders in patients with periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND, AIMS: Over the past 10 years several studies have been published pointing towards a relationship between periodontal disease and various systemic disorders or diseases. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the occurrence of self-reported systemic disorders in patients referred to a specialist clinic for periodontal treatment and to explore possible relationships between general health and periodontal disease severity in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from the dental records and the health questionnaires of 1006 subjects. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were adopted to calculate correlations between systemic disorders as independent variables and number of remaining teeth and the relative frequency of periodontal pockets of 5 mm or more, respectively, as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The number of remaining teeth was significantly and positively correlated to the presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease after adjustment for age, sex and smoking. The relative frequency of diseased sites, however, was not significantly correlated to any one of the investigated systemic health disorders. CONCLUSION: No significant associations between investigated systemic disorders and periodontal disease severity were found if the relative frequency of deep periodontal pockets was used as the clinical parameter for periodontal disease severity. However, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rheumatoid disease were found to be significantly correlated to number of lost teeth, which may represent one aspect of periodontal health. This result held true in nonsmokers only.