ABSTRACT
AIM: To evaluate surface roughness (SR), color stability (CS), and color masking as assessed through the relative translucency parameter (RTP) of different provisional restoration materials before and after water thermocycling (TC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different provisional materialas were selected: acrylic resin, bis-acryl resin, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) CAD/CAM blocks, and 3D-printed provisional resin. Samples of 0.6- and 1.3-mm thickness were obtained, and SR, CS, and RTP were determined before and after the samples were submitted to 6000 cycles of TC. A rugosimeter was used to assess SR. Color was determined on white and black backgrounds before and after TC, and color masking was assessed through RTP. CS was determined using a spectrophotometer with the CIEDE2000 formula, before and after TC. RESULTS: SR values before and after TC ranged from -0.01 to 0.28 for 1.3 mm, and from 0.00 to 0.38 for 0.6 mm, respectively. CS (ΔE00 values) ranged from 0.53 to 4.38 for 1.3 mm, and from 0.70 to 5.66 for 0.6 mm, respectively. The highest value was obtained for 3D-printed resin. Finally, for RTP values, the difference before and after TC ranged from -0.036 to 2.66 for 1.3 mm, and from 0.52 to 2.57 for 0.6 mm, respectively, with the PMMA CAD/CAM block being the material with the lowest values in both cases. CONCLUSION: Values of SR, CS, and RTP varied among different materials and thicknesses. The overall performance of 3D-printed resin was inferior to ?that of the other materials. The PMMA CAD/CAM block obtained the overall best values for the conditions tested.
Subject(s)
Crowns , Dental Materials , Color , Composite Resins , Computer-Aided Design , Humans , Materials Testing , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
Pneumococcal infections are important for their morbidity and economic burden, but there is no economical data from adults patients in Chile. AIMS: Estimate direct medical costs of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia among adult patients hospitalized in a general hospital and to evaluate the sensitivity of ICD 10 discharge codes to capture infections from this pathogen. METHODS: Analysis of hospital charges by components in a group of patients admitted for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, correction of values by inflation and conversion from CLP to US$. RESULTS: Data were collected from 59 patients admitted during 2005-2010, mean age 71.9 years. Average hospital charges for those managed in general wards reached 2,756 US$, 8,978 US$ for those managed in critical care units (CCU) and 6,025 for the whole group. Charges were higher in CCU (p < 0.001), and patients managed in these units generated 78.3% of the whole cost (n = 31; 52.5% from total). The median cost in general wards was 1,558 US$, and 3,993 in CCU. Main components were bed occupancy (37.8% of charges), and medications (27.4%). There were no differences associated to age, comorbidities, severity scores or mortality. No single ICD discharge code involved a S. pneumoniae bacteremic case (0% sensitivity) and only 2 cases were coded as pneumococcal pneumonia (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Mean hospital charges (~6,000 US dollars) or median values (~2,400 US dollars) were high, underlying the economic impact of this condition. Costs were higher among patients managed in CCU. Recognition of bacteremic pneumococcal infections by ICD 10 discharge codes has a very low sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Hospital Costs/statistics & numerical data , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/economics , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Chile/epidemiology , Hospital Charges , Hospitals, General/economics , Humans , Middle Aged , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/mortality , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/therapy , Retrospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
Pneumococcal infections are important for their morbidity and economic burden, but there is no economical data from adults patients in Chile. Aims. Estimate direct medical costs of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia among adult patients hospitalized in a general hospital and to evaluate the sensitivity of ICD 10 discharge codes to capture infections from this pathogen. Methods. Analysis of hospital charges by components in a group of patients admitted for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, correction of values by inflation and conversion from CLP to US$. Results. Data were collected from 59 patients admitted during 2005-2010, mean age 71.9 years. Average hospital charges for those managed in general wards reached 2,756 US$, 8,978 US$ for those managed in critical care units (CCU) and 6,025 for the whole group. Charges were higher in CCU (p < 0.001), and patients managed in these units generated 78.3% of the whole cost (n = 31; 52.5% from total). The median cost in general wards was 1,558 US$, and 3,993 in CCU. Main components were bed occupancy (37.8% of charges), and medications (27.4%). There were no differences associated to age, comorbidities, severity scores or mortality. No single ICD discharge code involved a S. pneumoniae bacteremic case (0% sensitivity) and only 2 cases were coded as pneumococcal pneumonia (3.4%). Conclusions. Mean hospital charges (~6,000 US dollars) or median values (~2,400 US dollars) were high, underlying the economic impact of this condition. Costs were higher among patients managed in CCU. Recognition of bacteremic pneumococcal infections by ICD 10 discharge codes has a very low sensitivity.
Las infecciones neumocócicas representan una gran carga de morbilidad y de gastos en salud en pacientes adultos pero no se dispone de datos que hayan evaluado su dimensión económica en Chile. Objetivo: Evaluar los gastos directos en un grupo de pacientes adultos hospitalizados por neumonía neumocóccica bacterémica en un hospital general y evaluar la sensibilidad de los códigos de egreso CIE 10 para capturar las infecciones por este patógeno. Métodos: Análisis de gastos por componentes de un grupo de pacientes atendidos por neumonía neumocóccica bacteriémica, actualización de gastos y conversión a US$. Resultados: Se rescató información de 59 pacientes atendidos entre el 2005-2010, con edad promedio de 71,9 años. El gasto promedio en sala fue de 2.756 US$, de 8.978 US$ en Unidades Críticas y de 6.025 US$ para el grupo total. Los gastos fueron mayores en Unidades Críticas (p < 0,001) y los pacientes en estas unidades (n = 31; 52,5% del total) generaron el 78,3% del gasto total observado. La mediana de gastos en sala fue de 1.558 US$ y de 3.993 US$ en el caso de Unidades Críticas. El 37,8% del gasto se originó por día-cama y 27,4% por medicamentos. No hubo diferencias por edad, co-morbilidades, scores de gravedad o mortalidad. Ningún código CIE 10 involucró bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae (Sensibilidad 0%) y sólo 2 casos fueron codificados como neumonía neumocóccica (3,4%). Conclusiones: El gasto promedio (aprox. 6.000 dólares americanos) y mediana (aprox. 2.400 dólares americanos) fueron elevados evidenciando la importancia económica de esta enfermedad. Los gastos fueron mayores en pacientes manejados en Unidades Críticas. La sensibilidad de los códigos CIE 10 fue baja para reconocer eventos de ENI en esta serie.
