Development of Novel Spray-dried Microparticles to Treat Cystic Fibrosis: A Tri-drug Approach.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is the predominant autosomal recessive disorder known to reduce life expectancy. Research findings indicate that around 60 to 70% of adult individuals with this condition carry infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. OBJECTIVE: The ongoing research investigates the potential synergy of merging ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin to address bacterial infections. METHODS: The two drugs were spray-dried into microparticles, which were then coated with Lsalbutamol and were to be delivered by a dry powder inhaler. Microparticles were generated by applying the spray drying method, utilizing bovine serum albumin and L-leucine in their preparation. Additionally, L-salbutamol was mixed and adsorbed onto the surface of the spray-dried microparticles, and it acted as a bronchodilator. RESULTS: The microparticles produced via spray drying exhibited a particle size measuring 1.6 ± 0.04 µm, along with a polydispersity ratio of 0.33. Their zeta potential measured -27.3 ± 1.1 mV, while the mass median aerodynamic diameter of these microparticles was 3.74 ± 0.08 µm. SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies confirmed the entrapment of ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin. The morphology was observed by SEM and TEM scans. Antibacterial synergy was confirmed through the agar broth and dilution method, and the formulation's safety was established based on the outcomes of the MTT assay. CONCLUSION: Using spray-dried microparticles containing ciprofloxacin, ivacaftor, and L-salbutamol presents a novel approach to the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cystic fibrosis based on freeze-dried tridrug microparticles to treat cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is a severe, autosomal recessive disease that shortens life expectancy. According to studies, approximately 27% of patients with CF aged 2-5 years and 60 to 70% of adult patients are infected with P. aeruginosa. The patients experience bronchospasm leading to a persistent contracted state of the airways. OBJECTIVES: The current work explores the possibility of combining ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin to combat the bacteria. A third drug L-salbutamol would be coated onto the surface of the drug-entrappped microparticles to instantaneously provide relief from bronchoconstriction. METHODS: The microparticles were prepared using bovine serum albumin and L-leucine using the freeze-drying approach. The process and formulation parameters were optimized. The prepared microparticles were surface coated by L-salbutamol using the dry-blending method. The microparticles were subjected to rigorous in-vitro characterization for entrapment, inhalability, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity study and safety. The performance of the microparticles to be loaded into a inhaler was checked by the Anderson cascade impactor. RESULTS: The freeze-dried microparticles had a particle size of 817.5 ± 5.6 nm with a polydispersity ratio of 0.33. They had a zeta potential of -23.3 ± 1.1 mV. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the microparticles was 3.75 ± 0.07 µm, and the geometric standard diameter was 1.66 ± 0.033 µm. The microparticles showed good loading efficiency for all three drugs. DSC, SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies confirmed the entrapment of ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin. SEM and TEM scans observed the shape and the smooth surface. Antimicrobial synergism was proven by the agar broth, and dilution technique and the formulation was deemed safe by the results of the MTT assay. CONCLUSION: Freeze-dried microparticles of ivacaftor, ciprofloxacin, and L-salbutamol could pave way to a hitherto unexplored combination of drugs as a novel approach to treat P. aeruginosa infcetions and bronchoconstriction commonly associated with cystic fibrosis.

Application of Carbon Nanotubes In Drug Delivery of Non-cancerous Diseases: A Review.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) are the allotropes of carbon in nanosize dimension and are popular in medicinal field. These nano-based technologies are gaining high interest in the recent years for the treatment of diseases that are previously considered to be impossible to cure. CNTs have gained significance in the treatment of the majority of disorders such as Malaria, Alzheimer's disease, Infectious disease, and Asthma. Moreover, patient's responsiveness also increased in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. To date, a number of reviews are available in the literature covering applications of CNT in cancer. However, the purpose of this review is to focus on the use of CNTs in drug delivery of non-cancerous diseases. The novelty of this review is that it is focused on the applicability of CNT in the various non-cancerous diseases. Detailed information was collected from the literature which will guide and encourage researchers to explore the applicability of CNT in various non-cancerous diseases in the future.