ABSTRACT
Andrographolide (AG) is an active compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Family Acanthaceae). Although it possesses beneficial bioactivities to the skin, there is insufficient information of its applications for treatment of skin disorders due to low water solubility leading to complications in product development. To overcome the problem, an AG-loaded nanoemulsion (AG-NE) was formulated and prepared using a microfluidization technique. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pressure and the number of homogenization cycles (factors) on droplet size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of AG-NE (responses) and to determine the effect of AG-NE on skin cancer cells and UVB irradiation-induced skin disorders in rats. Relationships between factors versus responses obtained from the face-centered central composite design were described by quadratic models. The optimum value of parameters for the production of optimized AG-NE (Op-AG-NE) were 20,000 psi of pressure and 5 homogenization cycles. Op-AG-NE showed promising cytotoxicity effects on the human malignant melanoma- (A375 cells) and non-melanoma cells (A-431 cells) via apoptosis induction with a high selectivity index and also inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity in the A375 cells. Op-AG-NE could reduce melanin index and healed UVB irradiation exposed skin. Op-AG-NE thus had potential for treatment of skin cancers and skin disorders from exposure to UVB radiation.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Thai traditional remedy called Kabpi (KP) has long been usedfor oral and throat infection. It composed with four herbs Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr etPerry, Nigella sativa L., Limonia acidissima L. andAchasma sphaerocephalum Holtt. OBJECTIVE: To investigate antimicrobial activity ofKP remedy extracts and its plant components. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The extract procedures were maceration method with 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol and dried by evaporator and boiling in water, filtrated dried by lyophilizer The residue from the maceration in 95% ethanol and 50% ethanol were boiled in water and dried by lyophilizer In the preliminary studied, all extracts were evaluated antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. All extracts were tested against one type of gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and one type ofyeast Candida albicans (ATCC 90028). The active plant extracts were diluted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by microtiter plate-based assay. RESULTS: The 95% ethanol extract of KP remedy showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and C. albicans (ATCC 90028) (MIC = 0.625, 0.625 mg/ml, respectively). The zone of inhibition ofall extracts were in the range of 7.33 to 23.33 mm. The 95% ethanol extract ofAchasma sphaerocephalum Holtt. showed the highest inhibition zone against S. aureus 21.00 mm (MIC = 0.625 mg/ml). The 95% ethanol extract ofSyzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr etPerry exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against C. albicans the inhibition zone with inhibition zone of23.33 mm (MIC = 0.156 mg/ml). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the extracts ofKP remedy and its plant components had an antimicrobial effect against oral and throat infection such as S. aureus and C. albicans. These results support using this remedy of Thai traditional medicine called Kabpifor oral and throat infection.
