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J Virol ; 85(18): 9623-36, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21715477

ABSTRACT

Maize streak virus strain A (MSV-A), the causal agent of maize streak disease, is today one of the most serious biotic threats to African food security. Determining where MSV-A originated and how it spread transcontinentally could yield valuable insights into its historical emergence as a crop pathogen. Similarly, determining where the major extant MSV-A lineages arose could identify geographical hot spots of MSV evolution. Here, we use model-based phylogeographic analyses of 353 fully sequenced MSV-A isolates to reconstruct a plausible history of MSV-A movements over the past 150 years. We show that since the probable emergence of MSV-A in southern Africa around 1863, the virus spread transcontinentally at an average rate of 32.5 km/year (95% highest probability density interval, 15.6 to 51.6 km/year). Using distinctive patterns of nucleotide variation caused by 20 unique intra-MSV-A recombination events, we tentatively classified the MSV-A isolates into 24 easily discernible lineages. Despite many of these lineages displaying distinct geographical distributions, it is apparent that almost all have emerged within the past 4 decades from either southern or east-central Africa. Collectively, our results suggest that regular analysis of MSV-A genomes within these diversification hot spots could be used to monitor the emergence of future MSV-A lineages that could affect maize cultivation in Africa.


Subject(s)
Evolution, Molecular , Maize streak virus/genetics , Maize streak virus/isolation & purification , Phylogeography , Plant Diseases/virology , Zea mays/virology , Africa , Cluster Analysis , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , Maize streak virus/classification , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Analysis, DNA
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