Antiagregación en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST en adultos mayores - hipótesis popular age / Antiplatelet Therapy in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes in Elderly Patients. POPular AGE Hypothesis

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio POPular AGE demostró que, en pacientes mayores de 70 años, el clopidogrel sería el inhibidor del receptor P2Y12 (iP2Y12) de elección por su asociación con menor incidencia de sangrado, sin diferencia en eventos isquémicos. Objetivos: Analizar la seguridad y eficacia de los diferentes esquemas de tratamiento con iP2Y12 en mayores de 70 años con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST), a fin de contrastar la hipótesis "POPular AGE" en el mundo real. Material y métodos: Para el presente subanálisis del registro prospectivo BUENOS AIRES I, se analizaron datos correspondientes a 1100 pacientes de 21 centros médicos de Buenos Aires, Argentina, con seguimiento a 15 meses. Consideramos al subgrupo de pacientes mayores de 70 años, estratificados de acuerdo al iP2Y12 indicado al alta sanatorial. Resultados: Observamos gran carga de comorbilidades, con un 85,1% de hipertensión, 30,3% de diabetes mellitus y 43,2% de enfermedad renal crónica. Los pacientes tratados con ticagrelor/prasugrel (n = 54) presentaron mayor prevalencia de tabaquismo activo, menor fibrilación auricular y menor puntaje de score CRUSADE, sin diferencias en el puntaje de score GRACE, en relación a los tratados con clopidogrel (n = 286). A 15 meses de seguimiento, en la tasa, con más eventos de sangrado BARC ≥ 2 en el grupo clopidogrel (25,4% vs. 18,2%) aunque sin diferencias significativas (p = 0,327), y beneficio en la incidencia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores (MACE) en el grupo de tratamiento con ticagrelor/prasugrel (18,6% vs 36,3%, p = 0,023). Conclusiones: En pacientes con SCASEST mayores de 70 años, adecuadamente seleccionados, el tratamiento con ticagrelor/ prasugrel podría ser una estrategia segura y efectiva.

ABSTRACT Background: The POPular AGE study demonstrated that in patients over 70 years of age clopidogrel would be the P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (P2Y12i) of choice due to its association with lower bleeding incidence and no difference in ischemic events. Objective: We analyzed the safety and efficacy of different treatment regimens with P2Y12i, in patients ≥70 years with nonST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) to test the "POPular AGE" hypothesis in the real world. Methods: This subanalysis of the prospective BUENOS AIRES I registry analyzed data corresponding to 1100 patients from 21 medical centers in Buenos Aires, Argentina, followed-up for 15 months. We considered the subgroup of patients ≥70 years, stratified according to the P2Y12i indicated at discharge. Results: This subgroup had a high burden of comorbidities, with 85.1% hypertension, 30.3% diabetes mellitus, and 43.2% chronic kidney disease. Patients treated with ticagrelor/prasugrel (n=54) presented with higher prevalence of active smoking, less atrial fibrillation and lower CRUSADE score, with no differences in the GRACE score, compared whit those treated with clopidogrel (n=286). At the 15-month follow-up, no significant differences were observed in the BARC ≥2 bleeding rate, with more events in the clopidogrel group (25.4% vs. 18.2%; p=0.327) and a benefit in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the ticagrelor/prasugrel treatment group (18.6% vs 36.3%, p= 0.023). Conclusions: In adequately selected patients with NSTE-ACS ≥70 years, treatment with ticagrelor/prasugrel could be a safe and effective strategy.

Complicaciones tromboembólicas de los pacientes internados por COVID-19 / Thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19

Resumen La enfermedad producida por el COVID-19 ha generado un problema sanitario mundial sin precedentes. La infección se considera como un potencial factor de riesgo para desarrollar complica ciones tromboembólicas, principalmente, embolia pulmonar, infarto de miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describirlas en los pacientes internados por COVID-19 y su evolución. Se realizó un estudio observacional unicéntrico prospectivo que comparó las características basales, factores de riesgo, tasa de eventos tromboembólicos, estadía y mortalidad hospitalaria entre los pacientes que se internaron en cuidados intensivos o sala general. Se incluyeron 1125 pacientes, 124 internados en unidad cuidados intensivos y 1001 internados en sala general de internación. La edad promedio fue de 46 ± 18 años, con 585 (52%) de sexo femenino. La tasa global de eventos tromboembólicos fue de 4.4%, siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes de UCI (29% vs. 1.4%; p < 0.001) a pesar del elevado uso de heparina profiláctica (91.1% vs. 84.9%; p < 0.1), comparados con los internados en SGI. Los factores predictores independientes de desarrollo de eventos tromboembólicos fueron: la edad, el dímero D y la creatinina. La mortalidad global fue 4.3%, siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes de cuidados intensivos sobre los de sala general de internación (29% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.001). Los pacientes que requieren internación por COVID-19 presentan elevada tasa de eventos tromboembólicos a pesar del uso de tromboprofilaxis con heparina, generando un impacto pronóstico negativo sobre la supervivencia de aquellos internados en cuidados intensivos.

Abstract Coronavirus disease-19 has emerged as a devastating global public health crisis. An increased frequency of arterial and venous thrombosis was observed in COVID-19 infection. The objective of this study was to describe the thromboembolic complications of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and their evolution. A prospective single-center study was conducted that compared the characteristics, risk factors, thromboembolic event rate, hospital stay and mortal ity among patients admitted to intensive care or general ward. The mean age of population was 46 ± 18 years, and 52% were female. The global rate of thromboembolic events was 4.4%, significantly higher in intensive unit patients (29% vs 1.4%; p < 0.001) despite the high use of prophylactic heparin (91.1% vs. 84.9%; p < 0.1). The independent predictive factors for the development of thromboembolic events were: age, D-dimer and creatinine. Of the patients admitted to intensive care, 45.1% required mechanical ventilation. Overall mortality was 4.3%, significantly higher in intensive care patients than in the general hospital ward (29% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.0001). Pa tients requiring hospitalization due to infection secondary to COVID-19 have a high rate of thromboembolic events despite the use of thromboprophylaxis with heparin, generating a negative prognostic impact on the survival of patients admitted to intensive care.

[Thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19]. / Complicaciones tromboembólicas de los pacientes internados por COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease-19 has emerged as a devastating global public health crisis. An increased frequency of arterial and venous thrombosis was observed in COVID-19 infection. The objective of this study was to describe the thromboembolic complications of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and their evolution. A prospective single-center study was conducted that compared the characteristics, risk factors, thromboembolic event rate, hospital stay and mortality among patients admitted to intensive care or general ward. The mean age of population was 46 ± 18 years, and 52% were female. The global rate of thromboembolic events was 4.4%, significantly higher in intensive unit patients (29% vs 1.4%; p < 0.001) despite the high use of prophylactic heparin (91.1% vs. 84.9%; p < 0.1). The independent predictive factors for the development of thromboembolic events were: age, D-dimer and creatinine. Of the patients admitted to intensive care, 45.1% required mechanical ventilation. Overall mortality was 4.3%, significantly higher in intensive care patients than in the general hospital ward (29% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.0001). Patients requiring hospitalization due to infection secondary to COVID-19 have a high rate of thromboembolic events despite the use of thromboprophylaxis with heparin, generating a negative prognostic impact on the survival of patients admitted to intensive care.

La enfermedad producida por el COVID-19 ha generado un problema sanitario mundial sin precedentes. La infección se considera como un potencial factor de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones tromboembólicas, principalmente, embolia pulmonar, infarto de miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describirlas en los pacientes internados por COVID-19 y su evolución. Se realizó un estudio observacional unicéntrico prospectivo que comparó las características basales, factores de riesgo, tasa de eventos tromboembólicos, estadía y mortalidad hospitalaria entre los pacientes que se internaron en cuidados intensivos o sala general. Se incluyeron 1125 pacientes, 124 internados en unidad cuidados intensivos y 1001 internados en sala general de internación. La edad promedio fue de 46 ± 18 años, con 585 (52%) de sexo femenino. La tasa global de eventos tromboembólicos fue de 4.4%, siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes de UCI (29% vs. 1.4%; p < 0.001) a pesar del elevado uso de heparina profiláctica (91.1% vs. 84.9%; p < 0.1), comparados con los internados en SGI. Los factores predictores independientes de desarrollo de eventos tromboembólicos fueron: la edad, el dímero D y la creatinina. La mortalidad global fue 4.3%, siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes de cuidados intensivos sobre los de sala general de internación (29% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.001). Los pacientes que requieren internación por COVID-19 presentan elevada tasa de eventos tromboembólicos a pesar del uso de tromboprofilaxis con heparina, generando un impacto pronóstico negativo sobre la supervivencia de aquellos internados en cuidados intensivos.

Infarto agudo de miocardio en pacientes convalecientes de neumonía por COVID-19 / Acute myocardial infarction in patients recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia

Resumen El compromiso coronario en la infección COVID-19 se presenta habitualmente como infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) tipo 2, debido al aumento del consumo y reducción del aporte de oxígeno, y menos frecuentemente como IAM tipo 1, con supradesnivel del ST. Se cree que estos últimos pueden tener relación con la trombogenicidad de la infección. Se presentan dos casos de varones de mediana edad, con pocos o sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, que luego de 10 días de internación por neumonía debida a COVID-19 con buena evolución, presentaron IAM con supradesnivel del ST en fase de convalecencia, al día siguiente del alta hospitalaria y de la suspensión de enoxaparina profiláctica. Ambos fueron tratados mediante angioplastia directa con stent farmacológico. Se discute cuál debiera ser el tratamiento al alta del IAM, si agregar anticoagulación a la doble antiagregación plaquetaria y también considerar algún tratamiento antitrombótico profiláctico al alta de neumonía por COVID-19 en ciertos pacientes.

Abstract Coronary involvement in COVID-19 infection usually presents as type 2 acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to increased 0 consumption and reduction of oxygen supply, and less frequently as type 1 (STEMI). In that cases, thrombogenicity of the infection may contribute to acute coronary occlusion. We present 2 cases of middle-aged men, with few or none cardiovascular risk factors, who were in hospital during 10 days because pneumonia due to COVID-19 with good evolution. In the convalescent phase, one day after hospital discharge, and enoxaparin suspension, they went back to hospital because STEMI. Both were treated by direct angioplasty using pharmacologic stent. Discussion is related to treatment of AMI at discharge, if anticoagulation should be added to double antiplatelet therapy, and if any prophylactic antithrombotic treatment should be considered at discharge from COVID-19 pneumonia in some patients.

[Acute myocardial infarction in patients recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia]. / Infarto agudo de miocardio en pacientes convalecientes de neumonía por COVID-19.

Coronary involvement in COVID-19 infection usually presents as type 2 acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to increased 02 consumption and reduction of oxygen supply, and less frequently as type 1 (STEMI). In that cases, thrombogenicity of the infection may contribute to acute coronary occlusion. We present 2 cases of middle-aged men, with few or none cardiovascular risk factors, who were in hospital during 10 days because pneumonia due to COVID-19 with good evolution. In the convalescent phase, one day after hospital discharge, and enoxaparin suspension, they went back to hospital because STEMI. Both were treated by direct angioplasty using pharmacologic stent. Discussion is related to treatment of AMI at discharge, if anticoagulation should be added to double antiplatelet therapy, and if any prophylactic antithrombotic treatment should be considered at discharge from COVID-19 pneumonia in some patients.

El compromiso coronario en la infección COVID-19 se presenta habitualmente como infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) tipo 2, debido al aumento del consumo y reducción del aporte de oxígeno, y menos frecuentemente como IAM tipo 1, con supradesnivel del ST. Se cree que estos últimos pueden tener relación con la trombogenicidad de la infección. Se presentan dos casos de varones de mediana edad, con pocos o sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, que luego de 10 días de internación por neumonía debida a COVID-19 con buena evolución, presentaron IAM con supradesnivel del ST en fase de convalecencia, al día siguiente del alta hospitalaria y de la suspensión de enoxaparina profiláctica. Ambos fueron tratados mediante angioplastia directa con stent farmacológico. Se discute cuál debiera ser el tratamiento al alta del IAM, si agregar anticoagulación a la doble antiagregación plaquetaria y también considerar algún tratamiento antitrombótico profiláctico al alta de neumonía por COVID-19 en ciertos pacientes.

Optimización del tiempo puerta-balón mediante la implementación de un programa de mejora de procesos / Optimization of Door-to-Balloon Time Implementing a Process Improvement Program

es

[Clopidogrel versus prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome treated with coronary angioplasty]. / Clopidogrel versus prasugrel en síndrome coronario agudo tratado con angioplastia.

Greater antithrombotic potency new antiplatelet agents have been added such as prasugrel (PR) and ticagrelor to the traditional use of clopidogrel (CL) in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study was aimed at comparing the incidence of long term ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients treated with CL or PR during hospitalization. Retrospective ACS data base analysis performed by our cardiology service was completed prospectively. There were consecutively included all patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during hospitalization due to ACS from December 2011 thru December 2012. A total of 398 ACS patients who underwent PCI with stent implantation were recruited. No differences in cardiovascular related deaths were observed in both groups (PR 2.9% vs. CL 2.5%, p=0.48). PR group showed less re-infraction (1.9% vs. 6.8%, p=0.01) with more total bleedings (18.5% vs. 8.5%, p=0.001) and minor bleedings (12.4% vs. 3.4%, p<0.001) with no differences in major and life threatening bleedings (p=ns). Multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality were age (OR 1.08, CI 95% 1.02-1.16) and renal failure (OR 6.98, CI 95% 1.23-39.71). Independent predictors for total bleeding were age (OR 1.06, CI 95% 1.02-1.09),ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.99, CI 95% 1.05-3.79), renal failure (OR 3.32, CI 95% 1.62-6.78) and prasugrel use (OR 3.97, CI 95% 1.87-8.41). Use of prasugrel, in the ACS that requires PCI with stent, is associated with a lower myocardial infarction a year after follow-up, and it also leads to an increase of milder hemorrhage. No significant differences were observed in the cardiovascular mortality of both groups.

Clopidogrel versus prasugrel en síndrome coronario agudo tratado con angioplastia / Clopidogrel versus prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome treated with coronary angioplasty

Al uso del clopidogrel se han agregado nuevos antiagregantes como prasugrel y ticagrelor. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la incidencia de eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos en pacientes que han recibido clopidogrel o prasugrel.Se incluyeron de manera consecutiva todos los pacientes con angioplastia durante la internación por síndrome coronario agudo entre diciembre 2011 y diciembre 2012.Fueron incluidos 398 pacientes. No se observaron diferencias en la mortalidad de causa cardiovascular (clopidogrel 2.5% vs. prasugrel 2.9%, p = 0.48). El grupo prasugrel presentó una reducción en la tasa de infarto (1.9% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.01) con sangrado totales (18.5% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.001) a expensas de sangrados menores (12.4% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001), sin diferencia en sangrados mayores (p = 0.27) y sangrados con peligro de vida (p =.0.20). Por análisis multivariado los predictores independientes de mortalidad cardiovascular fueron edad (odds ratio 1.08, intervalo de confianza, IC, 95% 1.02-1.16, p = 0.02) insuficiencia renal (odds ratio 6.98, IC 95% 1.23-39.71, p < 0.0001). En cuanto al sangrado total se identificaron la edad (odds ratio 1.06, IC 95% 1.02-1.09, p = 0.002), elevación del segmento ST (odds ratio 1.99, IC 95% 1.05-3.79, p = 0.02), insuficiencia renal (odds ratio 3.32, IC 95% 1.62-6.78, p = 0.002) y utilización de prasugrel (odds ratio 3.97, IC 95% 1.87-8.41, p < 0.0001). La utilización de prasugrel se asocia a una menor tasa de infarto agudo de miocardio al año de seguimiento, con incremento de hemorragias menores. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad cardiovascular entre ambos grupos.

Greater antithrombotic potency new antiplatelet agents have been added such as prasugrel (PR) and ticagrelor to the traditional use of clopidogrel (CL) in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study was aimed at comparing the incidence of long term ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients treated with CL or PR during hospitalization. Retrospective ACS data base analysis performed by our cardiology service was completed prospectively. There were consecutively included all patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during hospitalization due to ACS from December 2011 thru December 2012. A total of 398 ACS patients who underwent PCI with stent implantation were recruited. No differences in cardiovascular related deaths were observed in both groups (PR 2.9% vs. CL 2.5%, p = 0.48). PR group showed less re-infraction (1.9% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.01) with more total bleedings (18.5% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.001) and minor bleedings (12.4% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001) with no differences in major and life threatening bleedings (p = ns). Multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality were age (OR 1.08, CI 95% 1.02-1.16) and renal failure (OR 6.98, CI 95% 1.23-39.71). Independent predictors for total bleeding were age (OR 1.06, CI 95% 1.02-1.09),ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.99, CI 95% 1.05-3.79), renal failure (OR 3.32, CI 95% 1.62-6.78) and prasugrel use (OR 3.97, CI 95% 1.87-8.41). Use of prasugrel, in the ACS that requires PCI with stent, is associated with a lower myocardial infarction a year after follow-up, and it also leads to an increase of milder hemorrhage. No significant differences were observed in the cardiovascular mortality of both groups.

Combined Rastelli and Bentall Procedures for Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect and a Large Aortopulmonary Collateral Artery and Ascending Aorta Aneurysm.

We report a challenging case of a 32-year-old patient in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, a left aortopulmonary collateral artery, a right modified Blalock-Taussing shunt, and a gigantic aneurysm of the ascending aorta with severe aortic valve insufficiency. A combined Rastelli and Bentall procedure was performed by a joint adult and pediatric cardiovascular surgery team. One year after the operation, the patient is in NYHA class I, working full time.