ABSTRACT
Herein we report the discovery of a novel lead compound, oxyphylla A [(R)-4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid] (from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla), which functions as a neuroprotective agent against Parkinson's disease. To identify a shortlist of candidates from the extract of A. oxyphylla, we employed an integrated strategy combining liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, bioactivity-guided fractionation, and chemometric analysis. The neuroprotective effects of the shortlisted candidates were validated prior to scaling up the finalized list of potential neuroprotective constituents for more detailed chemical and biological characterization. Oxyphylla A has promising neuroprotective effects: (i) it ameliorates in vitro chemical-induced primary neuronal cell damage and (ii) alleviates chemical-induced dopaminergic neuron loss and behavioral impairment in both zebrafish and mice in vivo. Quantitative proteomics analyses of oxyphylla A-treated primary cerebellar granule neurons that had been intoxicated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium revealed that oxyphylla A activates nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-a master redox switch-and triggers a cascade of antioxidative responses. These observations were verified independently through western blot analyses. Our integrated metabolomics, chemometrics, and pharmacological strategy led to the efficient discovery of novel bioactive ingredients from A. oxyphylla while avoiding the nontargeting, labor-intensive steps usually required for identification of bioactive compounds. Our successful development of a synthetic route toward oxyphylla A should lead to its availability on a large scale for further functional development and pathological studies.
