ABSTRACT
A 505(b)(2) application is a type of US new drug application (NDA) that contains full reports of investigations of safety and effectiveness, but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. Most 505(b)(2) applications consist of changes to a previously approved drug product (ie, a new dosage form, new routes of administration, etc). Sponsors often face challenges determining the studies to be conducted to support approval via 505(b)(2) pathway. This 5-year (2012-2016) retrospective analysis reviewed approved 505(b)(2) NDAs available on the FDA website, to determine the nature of studies (preclinical, clinical pharmacology, and efficacy/safety) conducted for various types of submissions and to better understand the trends in terms of regulatory requirements. The database consisted of 226 NDAs. One hundred twelve of those 226 had complete FDA review information, with the following FDA submission classes being more prevalent: type 3, new dosage form; type 4, new combination; and type 5, new formulation or new manufacturer. Therefore, only these 112 NDAs were further examined as they could show trends in terms of the studies conducted for various types of applications. Based on the investigation of NDA review documents, coupled with guidance documents, decision trees for studies to be conducted have been developed, which may serve as a guide of recommendations for a successful 505(b)(2) development program and NDA submission.
Subject(s)
Drug Approval , Government Regulation , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Retrospective Studies , United States , United States Food and Drug AdministrationABSTRACT
The aim was to assess the bioequivalence of Sandoz methylphenidate osmotic-controlled release (OCR) tablets (Sandoz [Methylphenidate[ MPH OCR) with Concerta®, a methylphenidate formulation indicated for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Four open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-way crossover bioequivalence studies were conducted in healthy subjects: three fasting studies with 54-, 36- and 18-mg doses of methylphenidate, and one fed study with the 54-mg dose. The d- and l-threo-methylphenidate plasma levels were quantified using liquid chromatographic methods with tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS). Bioequivalence of the formulations was accepted if the 90% geometric confidence intervals of the ratio of least-squares means of Sandoz MPH OCR to Concerta® of ln-transformed area under the curve (AUC0-t ) and C max were within the acceptance range of 80-125%. All studies met the bioequivalence criteria, and 90% geometric confidence intervals for AUC0-t and C max were within the predefined range. All plasma concentration time curves for Sandoz MPH OCR under fasting conditions showed a biphasic profile comparable with Concerta®, confirmed by bioequivalence of the partial metrics AUC0-2h, AUC2-24 h, C max(0-2 h) and C max(2-24 h). Both products were well tolerated and no relevant differences in the safety profiles were observed. It was concluded that Sandoz MPH OCR is bioequivalent to Concerta® in terms of rate and extent of absorption when administered as a single dose of one extended-release tablet of 54, 36, or 18 mg under fasting conditions and at a dose of 54 mg under fed conditions.
ABSTRACT
This study was to investigate if endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can be released during direct splanchnic nerve stimulation in vivo and to determine whether PACAP in the adrenal gland can modulate the medullary response to sympathoadrenal reflex. The output of adrenal catecholamine and PACAP-38-like immunoreactivity (PACAP-38-ir) increased in a frequency-dependent manner after direct splanchnic nerve stimulation (0.2-20 Hz). Both responses were highly reproducible, and PACAP-38-ir output closely correlated with catecholamine output. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1 mg/kg iv bolus) caused a severe hypotension resulting in marked increases in catecholamine secretion. In the presence of local PACAP-27 (125 ng), the maximum catecholamine response to SNP was significantly potentiated in a synergistic manner compared with that obtained in the group receiving SNP or PACAP-27 alone. The study indicates that endogenous PACAP-38 can be released particularly when the sympathoadrenal system is highly activated and that the local exogenous PACAP-27 enhanced the reflex-induced catecholamine release, suggesting collectively a facilitating role of PACAP as neuromodulator in the sympathoadrenal function in vivo.
