An Internal Control for Evaluating Bisulfite Conversion in the Analysis of Short Stature Homeobox 2 Methylation in Lung Cancer.

Objective: The methylation status is considered as powerful diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. However, the limited DNA amount and conversion efficiency after bisulfite treatment are considerable hindrances in quantitative methylation analysis. In this study, we designed an artificial internal control (IC) system that contained the cytosine-free fragment (CFF) following CpG sequences of the SHOX2 promoter whose methylation status has been described as a valuable biomarker of lung cancer. Its performance in quantifying DNA recovery and bisulfite conversion efficiency as well as in detecting false-positive SHOX2 methylation was determined on samples from lung cancer patients. Material and Methods: The IC system is composed of two pConIC and pUnIC plasmids that both contain a cytosine-free (CF) sequence derived from the CFF and the CpG containing SHOX2 sequences. They are identical in sequence, except that in the ConIC insert, all cytosines have been converted into thymines. Thus, the ConIC can be used as calibrator of 100% bisulfite conversion efficiency, while the UnIC is the indicator in order to evaluate the DNA recovery, bisulfite conversion efficiency of the SHOX2 promoter sequence by quantitative real time PCR. Results: The copy number of the target sequences impacted on both DNA recovery rates and bisulfite conversion efficiency. An amount of 0.005 ng pUnIC (106 copies) showed recovery rate of 18%, similar to that of pConIC, and a bisulfite conversion efficiency of the SHOX2 reaching 98.7%. On the contrary, higher copy number of pUnIC showed incomplete conversion (<85%) and over recovery (~42%). Using this calibrator/indicator couple, we were able to detect false-positive SHOX2 methylation (3.77% instead of 0.03%) due to incomplete bisulfite conversion.Conclusion: Our results proposed a customizable internal control using the ConIC/UnIC as calibrator/indicator to quantify simultaneously and accurately the DNA recovery and bisulfite conversion efficiencies of individual sequence as well as whole genome in methylation assays, thus promoting the validation of standardized clinical DNA methylation biomarker values to progress toward clinical applications

Methylation profiles of miR34 gene family in Vietnamese patients suffering from breast and lung cancers.

The three genes encoding small non­coding microRNA (miR)34a, MIR34b and MIR34c act as tumor­suppressor genes. Their aberrant expressions regulated by DNA methylation have been frequently found in various types of cancer. In the present study, the DNA promoter methylation profiles of the MIR34 gene family were analyzed using the methylation specific polymerase chain reaction in order to clarify their association with breast and lung cancer, non­cancerous or normal adjacent tissues. The methylation frequency of MIR34a was significantly higher in breast cancer (49.37%) compared with normal adjacent tissues (30.38%). The methylation frequency of MIR34b/c was 59.49 and 62.03% in breast cancer and normal adjacent tissues, respectively. MIR34a methylation showed a significant concordance with that of MIR34b/c only in breast cancer tissue. MIR34a methylation was significantly associated with cancer and the invasive ductal carcinoma type of breast cancer (P=0.015 and P=0.02, respectively). Methylation frequency of MIR34a and MIR34b/c was 48.42 and 56.84% in lung cancer, and 47.22 and 51.39% in pulmonary diseases, respectively. No significant association was observed between the methylation status of MIR34a and MIR34b/c, and the clinicopathological features of lung cancer or with those of non­cancerous pulmonary diseases. Promoter methylation of MIR34a and MIR34b/c occurs frequently and concomitantly in breast and lung cancer, as well as in pulmonary diseases tissues, but not in breast normal tissues adjacent to tumor. These results of the present study emphasize the involvement of MIR34 methylation in human diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, MIR34a methylation may be a promising marker for a subtype of breast cancer.

An ion beam-induced Arabidopsis mutant with marked chromosomal rearrangement.

Ion beams have been used as an effective tool in mutation breeding for the creation of crops with novel characteristics. Recent analyses have revealed that ion beams induce large chromosomal alterations, in addition to small mutations comprising base changes or frameshifts. In an effort to understand the potential capability of ion beams, we analyzed an Arabidopsis mutant possessing an abnormal genetic trait. The Arabidopsis mutant uvh3-2 is hypersensitive to UVB radiation when photoreactivation is unavailable. uvh3-2 plants grow normally and produce seeds by self-pollination. SSLP and CAPS analyses of F2 plants showed abnormal recombination frequency on chromosomes 2 and 3. PCR-based analysis and sequencing revealed that one-third of chromosome 3 was translocated to chromosome 2 in uvh3-2. FISH analysis using a 180 bp centromeric repeat and 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as probes showed that the 45S rDNA signal was positioned away from that of the 180 bp centromeric repeat in uvh3-2, suggesting the insertion of a large chromosome fragment into the chromosome with 45S rDNA clusters. F1 plants derived from a cross between uvh3-2 and wild-type showed reduced fertility. PCR-based analysis of F2 plants suggested that reproductive cells carrying normal chromosome 2 and uvh3-2-derived chromosome 3 are unable to survive and therefore produce zygote. These results showed that ion beams could induce marked genomic alterations, and could possibly lead to the generation of novel plant species and crop strains.

A methylation-specific dot blot assay for improving specificity and sensitivity of methylation-specific PCR on DNA methylation analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developing a methylation-specific dot blot assay (MSP-DB) to increase the sensitivity and specificity of simultaneous methylation analysis of multiple genes is the goal of the present study to evaluate the methylation status of GSTP1 and RASSF1A from prostate cancer in Vietnamese males. METHODS: The methylation of GSTP1 and RASSF1A was investigated by using the MSP in 50 prostate cancer and 17 benign prostate hyperplasia specimens. The MSP-DB assay that uses a single or multiple probes specifically detected the methylation status of a particular gene or of the two genes GSTP1 and RASSF1A at the same time in a series of samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the MSP-DB were compared to those of the MSP. RESULTS: The probes specifically hybridized with the methylated targets only in the MSP-DB, which allowed detecting GSTP1 and RASSF1A methylation in 23 of 50 and 14 of 50 patients with prostate cancer and in 2 of 17 and 4 of 17 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. MSP-DB following the MSP assay improved the sensitivity of detection to more than 0.01 % methylated status of a given high CpG-rich region. One methylated MSP product corresponding to the GSTP1, lack of methylated cytosine, was clearly detected on gel electrophoresis but barely visible on MSP-DB. Thus, the MSP-DB is suitable to eliminate the risk of false-positive results. CONCLUSION: The MSP-DB dispels the weakness of MSP and increases the sensitivity to simultaneous methylation analysis of multiple genes. The MSP-DB is advantageous for the promotion of DNA methylation markers in progressing quickly toward clinical application.

Standardization of the methylation­specific PCR method for analyzing BRCA1 and ER methylation.

The significant differences in DNA methylation that are considered to be a biomarker for the diagnosis of cancer are a barrier to the application of biomarkers in the clinical field. In the present study, new primers were designed and further standard controls were set up to validate the accuracy of the methylation­specific PCR (MSP), a method widely used to analyze DNA methylation. By analyzing the methylation pattern of breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and estrogen receptor (ER) in 60 patients with breast cancer, the number of cases of methylated BRCA1 and ER detected by the primer was 7/60 and 21/60, respectively, whereas that detected by the previous widely used primers was 25/60 and 47/60, respectively. Sequencing of the MSP products indicated that the 18 and 26 false-positive methylations of BRCA1 and ER, respectively, were due to insufficient validation of the previously used primers. Thus, the present study proposes that all studies based on the MSP approach should incorporate more controls to validate the precision of the MSP primers.

Straightforward procedure for laboratory production of DNA ladder.

DNA ladder is commonly used to determine the size of DNA fragments by electrophoresis in routine molecular biology laboratories. In this study, we report a new procedure to prepare a DNA ladder that consists of 10 fragments from 100 to 1000 bp. This protocol is a combination of routinely employed methods: cloning, PCR, and partial digestion with restriction enzymes. DNA fragments of 100 bp with unique restriction site at both ends were self-ligated to create a tandem repeat. Once being cloned, the tandem repeat was rapidly amplified by PCR and partially digested by restriction enzymes to produce a ladder containing multimers of the repeated DNA fragments. Our procedure for production of DNA ladder could be simple, time saving, and inexpensive in comparison with current ones widely used in most laboratories.

A UVB-hypersensitive mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana is defective in the DNA damage response.

To investigate UVB DNA damage response in higher plants, we used a genetic screen to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are hypersensitive to UVB irradiation, and isolated a UVB-sensitive mutant, termed suv2 (for sensitive to UV 2) that also displayed hypersensitivity to gamma-radiation and hydroxyurea. This phenotype is reminiscent of the Arabidopsis DNA damage-response mutant atr. The suv2 mutation was mapped to the bottom of chromosome 5, and contains an insertion in an unknown gene annotated as MRA19.1. RT-PCR analysis with specific primers to MRA19.1 detected a transcript consisting of 12 exons. The transcript is predicted to encode a 646 amino acid protein that contains a coiled-coil domain and two instances of predicted PIKK target sequences within the N-terminal region. Fusion proteins consisting of the predicted MRA19.1 and DNA-binding or activation domain of yeast transcription factor GAL4 interacted with each other in a yeast two-hybrid system, suggesting that the proteins form a homodimer. Expression of CYCB1;1:GUS gene, which encodes a labile cyclin:GUS fusion protein to monitor mitotic activity by GUS activity, was weaker in the suv2 plant after gamma-irradiation than in the wild-type plants and was similar to that in the atr plants, suggesting that the suv2 mutant is defective in cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. Overall, these results suggest that the gene disrupted in the suv2 mutant encodes an Arabidopsis homologue of the ATR-interacting protein ATRIP.

Disruption of the AtREV3 gene causes hypersensitivity to ultraviolet B light and gamma-rays in Arabidopsis: implication of the presence of a translesion synthesis mechanism in plants.

To investigate UV light response mechanisms in higher plants, we isolated a UV light-sensitive mutant, rev3-1, in Arabidopsis. The root growth of rev3-1 was inhibited after UV-B irradiation under both light and dark conditions. We found that chromosome 1 of rev3-1 was broken at a minimum of three points, causing chromosome inversion and translocation. A gene disrupted by this rearrangement encoded the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta (AtREV3), which is thought to be involved in translesion synthesis. The rev3-1 seedlings also were sensitive to gamma-rays and mitomycin C, which are known to inhibit DNA replication. Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine after UV-B irradiation was less in rev3-1 than in the wild type. These results indicate that UV light-damaged DNA interrupted DNA replication in the rev3-1 mutant, leading to the inhibition of cell division and root elongation.