Heat stress response in slick vs normal-haired Criollo Limonero heifers in a tropical environment.

To assess the effect of hair type on the heat stress response, 20 Criollo Limonero heifers with slick (n = 11) or normal hair (n = 9) were studied. Under a high temperature-humidity index (THI) environment, heat stress response was assessed through physiological variables that included respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), ruminal frequency (RMF), rectal temperature (RT), saliva pH (SPH), and lymphocyte count (LC) in the morning (5:00 AM, 27.4 °C, 64% relative humidity, THI = 77) and afternoon (1:00 PM, 34.5 °C, 70% relative humidity, THI = 88). A case-control study using a split plot design was used. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (PROC MIXED SAS 2010) and a statistical model comprising the fixed effects of hair length, sampling hour, interaction of hair length by sampling hour, and the random effect of animal nested within hair type on physiological variables associated with heat stress response. Sampling hour influenced (P < 0.0001) RR, RT, and (P < 0.003) SPH. Hair length influenced RR (P < 0.01) and RT (P < 0.04) and tended to influence LC (P < 0.07). The interaction of sampling hour by hair influenced RR (P < 0.04), RT (P < 0.0002), and both SPH and LC (P < 0.05). During afternoon hours, slick-haired heifers had lower values for RR (81 ± 4.2 vs 102 ± 4.7 bpm; P < 0.01), RT (39.5 ± 0.1 vs 40.3 ± 0.1 C°; P < 0.002), and LC (60 ± 3.2 vs 72.3 ± 3.6; P < 0.09) than normal-haired heifers. In normal-haired heifers, SPH increased during afternoon compared to morning-hours (8.66 ± 0.1 vs 9.11 ± 0.1; P < 0.04). It was concluded that slick-coated heifers exhibited an enhanced capability to cope with heat stress compared to normal-haired heifers likely due to an enhanced capacity for heat dissipation.

Effect of biostimulation and social organization on the interval from calving to resumption of ovarian cyclicity in postpartum Angus cows.

The objective was to assess the effect of biostimulation by the male presence and social organization on the interval from calving to resumption of ovarian cyclicity (ICR). Thirty Angus cows were allocated according parity into three groups (10 per group); two groups were exposed to bulls, and a third group not exposed to bulls served as a control. Dominance values (with subsequent arc-sin transformation) were calculated from daily recorded agonistic interactions and later organized into dominance order comprising three social categories as follows: dominant (D), intermediate (I), and subordinates (S). The ICR was established by determining presence of luteal tissue and a rise of blood progesterone concentration above 1 ng/mL using ultrasonography and a solid-phase, nonextraction radioimmunoassay (Coat-a-Count; Diagnostics Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA), respectively. The effect of biostimulation, dominance order, and treatment by dominance order on ICR was statistically analyzed applying ANOVA using PROC GLM of SAS (2010). The ICR was influenced by biostimulation (P < 0.002) and dominance order (P < 0.004). The ICR increased as dominance order decreased (D = 34.5 ± 6 days; I = 45.0 ± 6; S = 53.1 ± 4 days; P < 0.01). However, when comparing cows within social categories, ICR was reduced in the group exposed to bulls (D = 26.3 ± 8.2 days; I = 42.0 ± 6.4 days; S = 46.1 ± 4.1 days) compared with those not exposed to bulls (D = 43.0 ± 8.2 days; I = 48.0 ± 10.1 days; S = 60.2 ± 6.4 days) cows. In conclusion, biostimulation and social dominance influenced the ICR.

Effect of biostimulation on the expression of estrus in postpartum Angus cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biostimulation by bull exposure on the expression of estrus in postpartum Angus cows. Ninety Angus cows and their calves were allocated by parity and body frame to three pens (30/pen). From 1-week post partum, one epididectomized mature Angus bull was placed with Groups A and B (BE), whereas Group C served as a Control (NE). Data for duration of estrus (DE), total mounts received (TMR), and intensity of estrus (IE) were recorded using HeatWatch. At either the first or second postpartum estrus, there were no differences between BE and NE cows for DE, TMR and IE. However, the period after onset of estrus, cow within treatment and the interaction treatment by period exerted a significant influence on IE. Overall, the greatest IE (P<0.0001) was observed during the first two periods (6h). At the first postpartum estrus, IE tended (P<0.11) to be greater in BE than NE cows during the first 3h after onset of estrus. However, IE was greater (P<0.02) in NE cows than BE cows during 4-6h after onset of estrus. At the second postpartum estrus, IE did not differ between BE and NE cows during the first 3h after onset of estrus. However, from 4 to 9h after onset of estrus, IE was greater (P<006) in NE cows than BE cows. From the results of this study, it was concluded that DE, TMR and IE were not influenced by biostimulation. However, the manner in which mounting activities were distributed across the duration of estrus was influenced by the presence of bulls.

Social and breed effects on the expression of a PGF2alpha induced oestrus in beef cows.

Social organization and breed effects following PGF2alpha were studied in mature Angus, Brahman and Senepol cows allocated into two groups (each A = 5, B = 5 and S = 5). Variables including interval to oestrus onset (IEO), oestrous duration (DE), total mounts received (TMR), and oestrous intensity (IE) were derived via HeatWatch. Breed-type influenced IEO (B = 42.6 +/- 6.7 h; S = 54.6 +/- 6.0 h; and A = 27.8 +/- 5.8 h; p < 0.003). Within breeds, dominant B (69.4 +/- 13.3 h) and S (65.5 +/- 7.4 h) cows were slower (p < 0.05) to be detected in oestrus than subordinate (38.1 +/- 4.4 h) and intermediate (40.6 +/- 6.0 h). However, within A, dominant cows (16.4 +/- 12.5 h) were detected in oestrus earlier (p < 0.05) than intermediate (44.3 +/- 9.2 h) and subordinates (32.7 +/- 5.1 h). Angus (21.5 +/- 2.4 h) and B (22.1 +/- 3.0 h) cows had longer (p < 0.01) DE than S (9.1 +/- 2.8 h). Dominants (20.4 +/- 3.0) and intermediates (20.2 +/- 2.3 h) cows had longer DE (p < 0.04) than subordinates (12.1 +/- 2.1 h) although the interaction breed x social order showed that dominant S had shorter DE than dominant A and B (10.1 +/- 3.3; 34.8 +/- 6.0 h; and 20.0 +/- 6.4 h, respectively; p < 0.001). Angus cows had less TMR than B (p < 0.02) and tended to be less than S cows (p < 0.06). Overall, greatest (p < 0.008) IE occurred in the first 9 h after onset of oestrus with no breed effect (p > 0.05). Dominant cows tended (p < 0.10) to have less TMR (3.2 +/- 0.7 mounts) than subordinate (4.1 +/- 0.4 mounts) and intermediate (4.7 +/- 0.6 mounts) throughout, especially 3-6 h after oestrus onset (p < 0.07). Breed and social order both influence PGF2alpha-induced oestrus behaviour.

Effect of biostimulation on uterine involution, early ovarian activity and first postpartum estrous cycle in beef cows.

The objective was to determine the effect of biostimulation (bull-exposure) on uterine involution (UI), plasma progesterone concentration (P4), size of largest follicle (LF), number of follicles larger than 5 mm ( F > or = 5 ), presence of fluid in uterine lumen (PF), presence of luteal tissue (LT), and length of the first estrous cycle postpartum (LEC). Ninety Angus cows with calves were allocated by parity and body frame into three groups (30 per group) 1 week postpartum. Two groups were exposed to bulls (BE) and one non-exposed group (NE) served as a control. Data were collected during weekly sessions of palpation per rectum, ultrasonography and bleeding on a subgroup of 30 cows (10 cows per group) for 6 weeks, and permanent surveillance of estrus with HeatWatch on all 90 cows. There were no significant differences between BE and NE cows for UI ( 17.1+/-1.1 days versus 20.1+/-1.6 days), LF ( 9.5+/-1.7 mm versus 11.0+/-2.4 mm), F > or = 5 ( 1.20+/-0.3 versus 1.47+/-0.09 ), and PF. However, LT was detected in more BE than NE cows (13 versus 2; P<0.001 ). Overall differences in P4 were found between BE and NE cows with detected LT ( 2.00+/-0.3 ng/ml versus 1.05+/-0.4 ng/ml, respectively; P<0.05 ). More BE cows resumed reproductive cyclicity with estrous cycles normal in length compared with NE cows (16/30, 53%; 16/30, 53%; and 8/30, 26.6%, for the two BE groups and the NE group, respectively; P<0.01 ). In conclusion, BE hastened luteal function but did not affect uterine involution.

Assessing sex-drive in young Bos taurus bulls.

Objectives in this study were to determine the accuracy of different methods of evaluating libido score (L), service rate (SR) and reaction time to service (RTS) in yearling Bos taurus bulls. Using restrained, non-estrus females, 26 yearling Bos taurus bulls were evaluated a total of eight times (four sessions, two tests per session) over 2 consecutive months for L, SR, and RTS. Individual bull variation influenced both L (P<0.0001) and SR (P<0.003). Repeatability was moderate for L (R=0.64) and low for both SR (R=0.12) and RTS (R=0.04). Under the conditions of this study and characteristics of these tests, variance was reduced to 69-73% for L and 26-23% for SR with four to eight repetitions, respectively. Bulls that scored highly in the first session, however, tended to score highly throughout. Although, three bulls did not serve in any test, RTS was independent of effects. However, the tendency of RTS to decrease, and for L and SR to both increase with consecutive tests, suggests influences other than genetic, such as learning and/or environmental factors. These tendencies were most evident in bulls which obtained low L scores at the first session. It was concluded that, despite the important degree of individual variability observed in L and SR, accurate quantitative evaluation of the sex-drive in young Bos taurus beef bulls would benefit from use of test procedures of greater repeatability.