Prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en poblaciones rurales del norte argentino / Prevalence of arterial hypertension in rural areas of the north of Argentina

Como parte de un proyecto de atención médica primaria llevado a cabo en localidades rurales de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina), se realizó un estudio epidemiológico sobre la HTA (hipertensión arterial). La población analizada incluyó a 473 adultos. Según la clasificación del JNC-VII la prevalencia de HTA fue del 32,3%, prehipertensión arterial del 34,7%, y presión arterial normal del 33%. El sexo no era significativamente distinto en la población general, nientre los subgrupos de hipertensos y no hipertensos. La diabetes fue significativamente mayor entre los hipertensos, y los fumadores eran estadísticamente menos frecuentes en el grupo de HTA. En un subgrupo de paciente con diagnóstico de HTA, el 2,5% tenía criterios de hipertrofiaventricular izquierda en el electrocardiograma; el 14% retinopatía leve, y el 5% moderada en el examen del fondo de ojo (AU)

An epidemiological study on hypertension was carried out as part of a primary medical care program conducted in the rural areas of the Chaco state (Argentina). The population studied included 473 adults. According to the JNC-VII classification criteria, prevalence of hypertension was 32.3%, prehypertension 34.7%, and normal blood pressure 33%. Gender was not statistically different in the general population or between the subgroups of subjects with hypertension or normal blood pressure. Diabetes was significantly greater among the hypertensive group and smokers were statistically less frequent in the arterial hypertensive group. In the subgroup of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension, 2.5% had criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on the electrocardiogram whereas the eye fundus examination showed that14% had mild retinopathy and 5% had moderate retinopathy (AU)

Conjugative interaction induces transposition of ISPst9 in Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10.

ISPst9 is an ISL3-like insertion sequence (IS) that was recently described in the naphthalene-degrading organism Pseudomonas stutzeri strain AN10. In this paper we describe a novel strong IS regulation stimulus; transposition of ISPst9 is induced in all P. stutzeri AN10 cells after conjugative interaction with Escherichia coli. Thus, we observed that in all P. stutzeri AN10 cells that received genetic material by conjugation the ISPst9 genomic dose and/or distribution was changed. Furthermore, ISPst9 transposition was also observed when P. stutzeri AN10 cells were put in contact with the plasmidless conjugative strain E. coli S17-1lambda(pir), but not when they were put in contact with E. coli DH5alpha (a nonconjugative strain). The mechanism of ISPst9 transposition was analyzed, and transposition was shown to proceed by excision from the donor DNA using a conservative mechanism, which generated 3- to 10-bp deletions of the flanking DNA. Our results indicate that ISPst9 transposes, forming double-stranded DNA circular intermediates consisting of the IS and a 5-bp intervening DNA sequence probably derived from the ISPst9 flanking regions. The kinetics of IS circle formation are also described.

Mechanical circulatory support in severe heart failure: single-center experience.

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have become important therapeutic tools to treat patients with end-stage cardiac failure. VADs are an essential component of transplantation programs as they successfully bridge individuals who would otherwise die. Recently left ventricular VAD (LVAD) therapy has been proposed as alternative to heart transplantation (HTx) for patients who are not transplant candidates. Other indications have now expanded into areas such as postcardiotomy failure, acute myocarditis, and acute massive myocardial infarction. From 1988 to May 2003, 80 patients received left or biventricular mechanical circulatory support including 78 as a bridge to and two as an alternative to HT. All patients survived the operation. Mean duration of VAD support was 77 +/- 150 days. Fifty-one points (63.8%) underwent heart transplantation; 3 (3.8%) recovered and were weaned from VADs. Major bleeding episodes occurred in 11 patients (13.8%) and major neurologic events occurred in 8 (10%). Sixteen patients (20%) were discharged home while waiting for HTx. Twenty-two patients (27.5%) died on VAD. In conclusion, VAD therapy proved effective in bridging patients with end-stage heart failure to HTx. While on LVAD support patients who were assisted with implantable wearable devices could be discharged at home, improving their quality of life.

Impella recover 100 microaxial left ventricular assist device: the Niguarda experience.

BACKGROUND: The Impella Recover 100 (IR100) is an intravascular microaxial blood pump used to support blood circulation for a maximum of 7 days in cases of reduced left ventricular function, for example in postcardiotomy low output syndrome or in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We supported five patients with the IR100. The mean age, cardiac index (CI), and ejection fraction (EF) of our population were 42 years, 1.83 L/min/m(2), and 20%, respectively. Two patients (group A) with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy were bridged to heart transplant. Two patients (group B) with fulminan myocarditis and septic shock were bridged to recovery. One patient, with severe valvular cardiomyopathy who underwent aortic valve replacement and mitral valve annuloplasty, was supported to weaning from ECC. RESULTS: Mean support time was 9.8 +/- 2.3 days. Only one acute myocarditis patient died from a severe vasoplegic syndrome despite maximal inotropic and vasoactive support. Both group A patients were successfully transplanted. Among group B, the second patient resolved the septic status and was slowly weaned from the device and discharged home with moderate improvement of LV function (EF = 40%). Patient C was weaned from the IR100 and electively placed on the heart transplant recipient list. CONCLUSIONS: IR100 is a device that in our experience can be utilized for various indications for short-term support. In compromised patients where a traditional LVAD is contraindicated, the IR100 showed good results, for it is minimally invasive and does not need ECC or systemic anticoagulation.

Combined surgical approach to coexistent carotid and coronary artery disease: early and late results.

BACKGROUND: The management of patients with simultaneous coronary artery and carotid artery disease is still controversial. METHODS: A retrospective review of the records and follow-up data of 139 consecutive patients undergoing simultaneous coronary artery bypass graft and carotid endarterectomy from 1981 to 1999 was carried out. RESULTS: Early mortality was 2.1%, perioperative myocardial infarction and stroke rates were 2.8 and 1.4%, respectively. Survival at 7 years was 74.7+/-5.1% and event-free survival at 7 years was 67.9+/-5.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The combined surgical approach has proved to be effective and safe allowing the treatment of both diseases in a single operative procedure.

First successful Italian clinical experience with DeBakey VAD.

The growing number of patients waiting for heart transplantation more than tripled between 1989 and 1998. Various non-pulsatile mechanical circulatory support devices have been developed as bridge to heart transplantation in recent years. We report the first successful Italian clinical experience with an axial-flow pump, DeBakey VAD, in a patient supported as bridge to transplantation for 55 days.

[Left monoventricular assistance with DeBakey VAD continuous flow pump: initial clinical Italian experience]. / Assistenza monoventricolare sinistra con pompa a flusso continuo DeBakey VAD: prima esperienza clinica italiana.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of heart donors causes a rise in mortality among candidates for cardiac transplantation and increases the waiting list. Consequently mechanical circulatory support for bridge to transplant is now a standard clinical procedure utilized in the most representative cardiac surgery centers. Recently, continuous-axial-flow pumps have been introduced in the clinical practice and have led to new perspectives. METHODS: Four patients suffering from end-stage heart failure were implanted with a DeBakey ventricular assist device (VAD) continuous-flow pump as a bridge to heart transplant. The DeBakey VAD is smaller than the pulsatile devices commonly employed, the pump is totally implantable and is connected to a small controller and two batteries by a transcutaneous drive line. RESULTS: One patient died of multiorgan failure during assistance; 3 patients were fully rehabilitated and were successfully transplanted after 55, 42 and 141 days respectively. In the early postoperative period the mean pump flow was 4.27 +/- 0.55 l/min, after 1 week of assistance the flow rose to 5.32 +/- 0.57 l/min and then progressively increased to 5.83 +/- 0.57 l/min. CONCLUSIONS: This experience demonstrated the possibility of continuous-flow left ventricular support with the DeBakey VAD for mid-term mechanical ventricular assistance. This pump presents new interesting aspects and opens new perspectives for the future of left ventricular mechanical assistance. Increasing experience will define the role of this device in the scenario of heart failure.

Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to mitral valve disease: tricuspid annulus function as guide to tricuspid valve repair.

METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed on 50 patients (pts) with rheumatic mitral disease and associate secondary tricuspid insufficiency who underwent mitral valve replacement from January 1995 to December 1998. Surgical indication to tricuspid annuloplasty was considered in patients with echocardiographic tricuspid annulus diameter > 21 mm/m2, regardless semiquantitative evaluation of tricuspid insufficiency. De Vega annuloplasty was performed in 33 out of 50 patients. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 2.0% (CL 0.3-3.6). The follow up of the discharged patients ranged from 3 to 48 months (mean 25 +/- 15.9). Three late deaths occurred (6.1% CL 2.8-9.2). Forty-two patients out of the 46 followed up (91.3% CL 84.9-93.8) were in I or II NYHA class. In eight patients (16.3% of discharged patients) the obtained result has been considered as 'negative late results': persisting moderate (three cases) or moderate-severe (five cases) TrI, together with congestive heart failure requiring a furosemide intake of > 25 mg/day. No patients had severe TrI at follow up. The statistics analysis demonstrated the 'preoperative fraction shortening of the tricuspid annulus' (P = 0.038) as factor predictive of late negative result. The incidence of late negative result was 57.1% among patients with fractional shortening lower than 25% and 0% among those patients with fractional shortening greater than 25% (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The choice to treat the tricuspid insufficiency according to indexed tricuspid annulus dimension (> 21 mm/m2) has been effective in terms of clinical efficacy and of late functional result. Fractional shortening of the tricuspid annulus, expression of right ventricular cardiomyopathy in patients with poorest prognosis, affects the postoperative evolution of tricuspid insufficiency.

Arterial conduits for myocardial revascularization: single-institutional results.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting is associated with an improved long-term survival, low rates of recurrence of angina and late myocardial infarction. This suggested the usefulness of a complete arterial revascularization in patients with three-vessel disease using IMAs in conjunction with other arterial conduits. METHODS: Between September 1989 and September 1999, 1,052 patients underwent myocardial revascularization with the use of the gastroepiploic artery and one or two IMAs. Among them 561 patients with three-vessel disease underwent myocardial revascularization with the use of the gastroepiploic artery and both the IMAs. In this report the operative results up to hospital discharge obtained in the first 500 patients were considered. In total 1,850 anastomoses were performed using 1,500 arterial grafts; a mean number of 3.7 anastomoses per patient and 1.2 anastomoses per graft were performed. RESULTS: Twelve patients (2.4%) died during hospitalization. Perioperative myocardial infarction developed in 12 patients (2.4%). Twenty patients (4%) required temporary support with intra-aortic balloon pump. Repeat thoracotomy for bleeding was required in 33 patients (6.6%). Four patients (0.8%) developed mediastinitis and 4 (0.8%) aseptic sternal dehiscence. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 3 patients (0.6 %) and was treated conservatively, cerebrovascular accidents in 4 (0.8%), and abdominal wound herniation in 5 (1%). CONCLUSIONS: According to our experience, systematic total arterial revascularization is feasible with a low complication rate and may contribute to the improvement of long-term outcome.

Modified pericardial closure technique in patients with ventricular assist device.

The use of Gore-Tex (W.L. Gore & Assoc, Flagstaff, AZ) sheet for pericardial closure in patients with left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant allows easy dissection of epicardial adhesions and safe resternotomy at the moment of heart transplantation, with no complications or significant cost increase related to the Gore-Tex itself.

Heart transplantation 1985-1998: 13-years experience at Angelo De Gasperis Cardio-Thoracic Department-Milan.

BACKGROUND: After 13 years of transplant experience in our center, we analyzed the results in the overall population and in particular subgroups of heart transplant recipients. We tried to identify risk factors for both early (3 months) and late (over 3 months) mortality after heart transplantation. METHODS: The data on 461 patients transplanted from November 1985-June 1998 were reviewed. To study risk factors for mortality, the results for 313 patients operated on from June 1985-June 1995 were studied and analyzed with a multivariate logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazard model. Seventy pre-, intra- and postoperative variables were considered including patient demographics, clinical status, hemodynamic parameters, donor characteristics, donor-recipient HLA mismatches, complications, and immunosuppressive protocols. We also compared results for patients transplanted from 1985-1991 (Group 1) and from 1992-1998 (Group II) to assess improvements due to changes in indications and in perioperative treatments. RESULTS: Overall mortality in the entire population was 20.2% (93/461). The 30-day, 3-month and late mortality rates were 8.0%, 10.2%, 11.1%, respectively. Group II mortality rates were 6.5%, 8.5% and 6.8%, respectively, despite a significant increase in Status I patients (20.6% in Group I vs 49.0% in Group II, p = 0.0001). The main causes of death were graft failure (24.7%), cardiac allograft vasculopathy (18.3%), and infection (16.1%). The mean follow-up of the 414 recipients who survived more than 3 months was 54.0 +/- 37.3 months. Actuarial survival was 87.4%, 79.2% and 68.9% at one, 5 and 10 years, respectively. The difference in the 5-year actuarial survival rates between Group I and Group II patients was statistically significant (73.5% vs 83.9%, p = 0.0135). The transpulmonary gradient, right atrial pressure and mid-high doses of donor inotropic support were identified as independent risk factors for early mortality. The number of moderate rejections at biopsy and early posttransplant infections were identified as independent risk factors for late mortality. The results of patients transplanted while on ventricular assist devices, urgent and elective patients and combined heart and kidney transplants were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results of our 13-year experience are very satisfying in relation to early and late mortality, with a significant favorable trend between patients transplanted in the early era (1985-1991) and those transplanted in the recent era (1992-1998). Pulmonary hypertension and elevated preoperative right filling pressure appear to indicate a significantly increased risk of early death and only marginally influence late survival, which is principally influenced by severe postoperative complications. Good results were achieved in combined heart and kidney transplantation and among patients who deteriorated during the waiting period and were supported with ventricular assist devices. The early and late outcomes for urgent (status I) and elective (status II) heart transplant patients were comparable.

[Heart transplantation 1985-1995: 10 years experience at the "Angelo De Gasperis" center. Improvement of results by progress in operative criteria]. / Trapianto cardiaco 1985-1995: 10 anni di esperienza al Centro "Angelo De Gasperis". Miglioramento dei risultati mediante l'evoluzione dei criteri operativi.

BACKGROUND: At 10-years from beginning of transplant experience in our Center we analyzed the overall results in an attempt to identify risk factors for early (3 months) and late (over 3 months) mortality after heart transplantation (HTx). METHODS: The data of 313 patients transplanted from November 1985 to June 1995 were studied and analyzed with a multivariate logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazard model. Seventy pre, intra and postoperative variables were considered: demographics, clinical status, hemodynamic parameters, donor characteristics, donor-recipient mismatch, complications, immunosuppressive protocols. In this paper we compared results in patients operated on from 1985 to 1990 (Group I) and from 1991 to 1995 (Group II) in order to assess improvements due to changes in HTx indication and in perioperative treatments. RESULTS: Overall mortality in the entire group was 19.8% (62/313): 30-days, 3 months and late mortality rates were 8.0%, 10.2%, 10.7% respectively. In Group II mortality rates were 7.1%, 8.6% and 2.8% respectively despite significant increase in Status I patients (21.5% in Group I vs 40.1% in Group II, p = 0.0008). Main causes of early death were: graft failure (46.9%), infection (28.1%), acute- rejection (12.5%). Main causes of late death were: cardiac allograft vasculopathy (40.0%) and neoplasm (23.3%). The mean follow-up of the 281 survivors more than 3 months is 45.6 +/- 30.0 months (range 3 to 120 months). Actuarial survival is 86.9 +/- 1.9%, 78.4 +/- 2.7% and 70.7 +/- 3.9% at 1, 5 and 10 years respectively. The difference in the 5-years actuarial survival between Group I and Group II patients is statistically significant (70.7 +/- 4.2% vs 84.5 +/- 4.5%, p = 0.005). TPG (OR 1.19), RAP (OR 1.13) and MD-HD inotropic support of donor (OR 3.81) were identified as independent risk factors for early mortality. Number of moderate rejection at biopsy (OR 1.56) and early postTx infection (OR 3.37) were identified as independent risk factors for late mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results of our ten-year experience are very satisfying in relation to early and late mortality, with a significant favourable trend between patients transplanted in the early era (1985-1990) and those transplanted in the recent era (1991-1995). The study confirm that morbidity and mortality have the highest incidence during the early post-transplantation phase. Pulmonary hypertension and elevated preoperative right filling pressure appear to indicate a significantly increased risk of early death and only marginally influence late survival that is principally related to the severe postoperative complications. Differently from other observations, among the donor-related and recipient-donor matching variables, this analysis evidenced as significant only the need for MD-HD catecolamines during donor-management.

[Clinical usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in heart surgery complications]. / Utilità clinica dell'ecocardiografia transesofagea nelle complicanze della chirurgia cardiaca.

The role of monoplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in rapid decision making process was investigated in 115 critically ill patients (pts) with early postoperative complications after cardio-thoracic surgery (hypotension, central venous pressure and/or wedge pressure elevation, electrocardiographic S-T segment elevation). Systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, right ventricular function, valves or prosthetic valves function, left ventricular outflow tract and morphologic changes were evaluated. Echocardiographic diagnoses were classified as: useful, incomplete, not diagnostic, misleading, unexpected. Echocardiographic diagnoses were confirmed by surgical or pathologic findings in all patients operated or dead. All but one patients, who needed surgical therapy, were operated on the basis of echo-diagnosis alone. Therapeutic changes induced by echo-diagnosis were evaluated and classified as major and minor. Diagnosis was fast (7 +/- 2 m) and sure (no complication). TEE was useful in 91% of cases (105/115 pts), incomplete in 2.3% (3/115 pts), not diagnostic in 2.3% (3/115 pts) and misleading in 3.4% of cases (4/115 pts). TEE findings made major therapeutic changes necessary in 66.9% (77/115 pts); there was a shift from medical to surgical therapy in 28% (41/115 pts); in 14.7% (17/115 pts) minor changes in drug therapy were made. TEE was also useful in quick and safe placement of devices (Swan-Ganz catheter, intra aortic balloon pump, endocardial pace maker, ventricular assist device) and in guiding urgent pericardiocentesis. The effects of medical therapy and evolution of ventricular dysfunction were well monitored by TEE. In our experience TEE was a very useful tool for management of early complications after cardio-thoracic surgery.

[Pathology of the myocardium and coronary vessels in sudden cardiac death. A post-mortem study of 130 cases]. / Patologia del miocardio e delle coronarie nella morte improvvisa cardiaca. Uno studio post-mortem in 130 casi.

Autopsies were performed on 130 cases of sudden death (38 F, 92 M) i.e. death occurring in the space of a very few minutes in apparently healthy subjects, in order to examine the anatomopathological alterations to the heart. Varying degrees of coronary sclerosis were noted in 91.5%, thrombosis of one or more coronary vessels in 32.3%, acute histologically evident myocardial infarction in 54.6%.