ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop a curriculum and collaboration model for law enforcement and mental health services in Liberia, West Africa. METHODS: In 2013 we conducted key informant interviews with law enforcement officers, mental health clinicians, and mental health service users in Liberia, and facilitated a 3-day curriculum workshop. RESULTS: Mental health service users reported prior violent interactions with officers. Officers and clinicians identified incarceration and lack of treatment of mental health service users as key problems, and they jointly drafted a curriculum based upon the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model adapted for Liberia. Officers' mental health knowledge improved from 64% to 82% on workshop assessments (t=5.52; P<.01). Clinicians' attitudes improved (t=2.42; P=.03). Six months after the workshop, 69% of clinicians reported improved engagement with law enforcement. Since the Ebola outbreak, law enforcement and clinicians have collaboratively addressed diverse public health needs. CONCLUSIONS: Collaborations between law enforcement and mental health clinicians can benefit multiple areas of public health, as demonstrated by partnerships to improve responses during the Ebola epidemic. Future research should evaluate training implementation and outcomes including stigma reduction, referrals, and use of force.
Subject(s)
Crisis Intervention/education , Health Personnel/education , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Mental Health Services/standards , Police/education , Capacity Building , Community-Based Participatory Research , Cooperative Behavior , Crisis Intervention/methods , Curriculum/standards , Health Plan Implementation/organization & administration , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/psychology , Humans , Interinstitutional Relations , Liberia/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/etiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Models, Organizational , Police/organization & administration , Poverty , Program Evaluation , Qualitative Research , Warfare , WorkforceABSTRACT
New glycosides of seven acetophenone derivatives (1-7) and two phenylpropanoids (8, 9), named juniperosides III-XI, have been isolated from the MeOH extract of the leaves and stems of Juniperus occidentalis Hook. (Cupressaceae), together with eleven other known compounds. The structures of these compounds have been successfully elucidated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques.
Subject(s)
Acetophenones/chemistry , Glycosides/chemistry , Juniperus/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistrySubject(s)
Career Choice , Nurse Administrators , Nurses, Male , Societies, Nursing , Education, Nursing , History, 21st Century , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides were isolated from the leaves and stems of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) along with 14 known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses, in particular by 2D-NMR spectral evidence.
Subject(s)
Glycosides/chemistry , Juniperus/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistryABSTRACT
A new ursane-type triterpene, named as cheiranthic acid (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of whole plants of Oenothera cheiranthifolia (Onagraceae) along with an isomeric pair of known oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenes (arjunolic acid and asiatic acid) and three flavonol glucuronide analogues (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, its n-butyl ester, and myricetin 3-O-glucuronide). Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence.
Subject(s)
Flavonols/isolation & purification , Glucuronides/isolation & purification , Oenothera/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Esters/chemistry , Esters/isolation & purification , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Flavonols/chemistry , Glucuronides/chemistry , Isomerism , Methanol/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Oleanolic Acid/chemistry , Oleanolic Acid/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Quercetin/analogs & derivatives , Quercetin/chemistry , Quercetin/isolation & purification , Spectrum Analysis , Triterpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
A new flavone xyloside, 1, and two new flavan-3-ol glucosides, 3 and 4, were isolated together with three known flavones, 2, 11, and 12, five known flavans, 5-9, and a known dihydrochalcone, 10, from the stems and leaves of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) collected in Oregon, U.S.A., and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence. A novel flavone nucleus such as that in 1 is seldom found in nature today, and new methylcatechin glucosides 3 and 4 are also rare in nature. In addition, we investigated the inhibitory activity of individual components, i.e., 8-11, and others, that were abundantly isolated from the same plant material for the Maillard reaction.
Subject(s)
Flavones/chemistry , Glucosides/isolation & purification , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Juniperus/chemistry , Glucosides/chemistry , Glycosides/chemistry , Maillard Reaction , Molecular Structure , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
A new monoterpene glucoside (1) and three new natural megastigmane glycosides (2-4) were isolated along with a known megastigmane glucoside (5) from twigs with leaves of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) collected in Oregon, U.S.A., and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the isolated components against Helicobacter pylori were also investigated.
Subject(s)
Cyclohexanones/isolation & purification , Glucosides/isolation & purification , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Juniperus/chemistry , Monoterpenes/isolation & purification , Norisoprenoids/isolation & purification , Carbohydrate Conformation , Cyclohexanones/pharmacology , Glucosides/pharmacology , Glycosides/pharmacology , Helicobacter pylori/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Norisoprenoids/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Two neolignan glycosides (junipercomnosides A and B) were isolated from aerial parts of Juniperus communis var. depressa along with two known neolignan glycosides and seven flavonoid glycosides. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectral analysis, in particular by 2D-NMR analysis. The significance of distribution of flavonoids in the chemotaxonomy of genus Juniperus was also discussed.
Subject(s)
Flavonoids/chemistry , Glycosides/chemistry , Juniperus/chemistry , Lignans/chemistry , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Lignans/isolation & purification , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistryABSTRACT
Two new phenol glucosides termed juniperosides I (1) and II (2) were isolated, together with known two biflavones, cupressuflavone and amentoflavone and a diterpene, 3beta-hydroxy sandaracopimaric acid, from leaves of Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. (Cupressaceae) collected in Oregon, U.S.A., and their structures were established as (1S)- and (1R)-1-(2'-hydroxy-6'-methylphenyl)ethanol 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosides (1, 2), respectively, on the basis of spectral, chemical, and synthetic evidence. The glycosides 1 and 2, as well as the corresponding aglycones 1a and 2a, are apparently novel types of naturally occurring compounds; to our knowledge, isolation of these types of natural phenol derivatives has only rarely been reported from the vegetable kingdom.
