No effect of the infiltration of local anaesthetic for total hip arthroplasty using an anterior approach: a randomised placebo controlled trial.

Only limited data are available regarding the infiltration of local anaesthetic for total hip arthroplasty (THA), and no studies were performed for THA using the anterior approach. In this prospective, randomised placebo-controlled study we investigated the effect of both standard and reverse infiltration of local anaesthetic in combination with the anterior approach for THA. The primary endpoint was the mean numeric rating score for pain four hours post-operatively. In addition, we recorded the length of hospital stay, the operating time, the destination of the patient at discharge, the use of pain medication, the occurrence of side effects and pain scores at various times post-operatively. Between November 2012 and January 2014, 75 patients were included in the study. They were randomised into three groups: standard infiltration of local anaesthetic, reversed infiltration of local anaesthetic, and placebo. There was no difference in mean numeric rating score for pain four hours post-operatively (p = 0.87). There were significantly more side effects at one and eight hours post-operatively in the placebo group (p = 0.02; p = 0.03), but this did not influence the mobilisation of the patients. There were no differences in all other outcomes between the groups. We found no clinically relevant effect when the infiltration of local anaesthetic with ropivacaine and epinephrine was used in a multimodal pain protocol for THA using the anterior approach.

[Medication for ADHD and the risk of cardiovascular mortality]. / Medicatie voor aandachtstekort-hyperactiviteitstoornis (ADHD) en het risico op cardiovasculaire sterfte.

Recently, the FDA recommended a black-box warning describing the increased risk of cardiovascular events associated with the use of stimulant drugs (amphetamines; in the Netherlands: dexamphetamine, methylphenidate) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The recommendation was based largely on the increased use of these drugs in children and adults in the USA, voluntary reporting of adverse events, and the pharmacological analogy with other sympathomimetic amines, such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine, for which similarwarnings have been given previously. The Adverse Event Reporting System documented 25 cases of sudden death based on WHO criteria with the use of amphetamines and methylphenidate; most of the cases were children aged less than 18 years. Sudden death in children is most often caused by fatal arrhythmias due to congenital heart diseases, such as long QT syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An increase in heart rate can potentially provoke life-threatening arrhythmias when the QT interval does not compensate for the increase. In adults, increased blood pressure and heart rate are well-documented risk factors for cardiovascular events. The use of methylphenidate is increasing in the Netherlands, indicating that greater caution is warranted when prescribing these drugs.