A powerful pulsed "point-like" neutron source based on the high-current ECR ion source.

The paper presents recent results of a "pointlike" neutron source development based on a D-D fusion in a D-loaded target caused by its bombardment with a sharply focused deuterium ion beam. These developments are undergoing at the Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences in order to study a possibility to create an effective and compact device for fast-neutron radiography. The last experiments with a beam produced by a gasdynamic high-current ECR ion source and its focusing with a magnetic lens demonstrated that 60 mA of deuterium ions may be constricted to a transversal size of ∼1 mm at the focal plane. With a purpose to improve this result in terms of the beam current and its size, a combined electrostatic and magnetic focusing system is proposed and analyzed. It is shown that the combined system may enhance the total beam current and reduce its footprint down to 0.13 mm. All numerical analysis was performed using the IBSimu code.

Study of gasdynamic electron cyclotron resonance plasma vacuum ultraviolet emission to optimize negative hydrogen ion production efficiency.

Negative hydrogen ion sources are used as injectors into accelerators and drive the neutral beam heating in ITER. Certain processes in low-temperature hydrogen plasmas are accompanied by the emission of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission. Studying the VUV radiation, therefore, provides volumetric rates of plasma-chemical processes and plasma parameters. In the past, we have used gasdynamic ECR discharge for volumetric negative ion production and investigated the dependencies between the extracted H- current density and various ion source parameters. It was shown that it is possible to reach up to 80 mA/cm2 of negative ion current density with a two electrode extraction. We report experimental studies on negative hydrogen ion production in a high-density gasdynamic ECR discharge plasma consisting of two simple mirror traps together with the results of VUV emission measurements. The VUV-power was measured in three ranges-Lyα, Lyman band, and molecular continuum-varying the source control parameters near their optima for H- production. It was shown that the molecular continuum emission VUV power is the highest in the first chamber while Lyα emission prevails in the second one. Modifications for the experimental scheme for further optimization of negative hydrogen ion production are suggested.

Wide-aperture dense plasma fluxes production based on ECR discharge in a single solenoid magnetic field.

Results of experimental investigation of the ECR discharge in a single coil magnetic field as an alternative to rf and helicon discharges for wide-aperture dense plasma fluxes production are presented. A possibility of obtaining wide-aperture high density hydrogen plasma fluxes with homogeneous transverse distribution was demonstrated in such a system. The prospects of using this system for obtaining high current ion beams are discussed.

Status of the gasdynamic ion source for multipurpose operation (GISMO) development at IAP RAS.

A new experimental facility named GISMO (Gasdynamic Ion Source for Multipurpose Operation) was constructed at the IAP RAS to continue investigations in the field of gasdynamic ion sources. The source utilizes 28 GHz/10 kW gyrotron radiation for heating magnetically confined plasma. Magnetic field configuration provided by a fully permanent magnet system is much like a simple mirror trap. The GISMO source is aimed at the production of bright ion beams with hundreds of milliamperes current. The facility has been tested for continuous-wave (CW) operation with 2 kW of heating power to check durability of a microwave injection system and the plasma chamber. A 2-electrode extraction system with an integrated Einzel lens was designed for a formation of CW high current beam with up to 100 kV accelerating voltage. The first results on ion beam production at GISMO are presented together with the general progress status of the facility.

[Treatment of purulent wounds by using of negative pressure].

It was analyzed the results of wounds treatment complicated by surgical infection. An apparatus for creating negative pressure VivanoTec/S042 was used for this in 74 patients. Types of surgical interventions depended on phase of inflammatory process and severity of clinical manifestations. It was done 153 operations. Surgical management of infected wounds, necrectomy were performed. As the relief of inflammatory process repeated surgical management with plasty by using of local tissue was done. Short-term good anatomical results were achieved in 97% of patients. Good functional result was marked in all patients. Wound healing occurred at the optimum time.

[Biocomposite nanostructured materials for the bone defects filling by osteomyelitis].

Results of the use of the biocomposite nanostructured material "KollapAn" in the treatment of 374 patients with osteomyelitis were followed up. 412 operations were performed, depending on the stage of the inflammatory process and clinical picture. Majorly, operation was performed on the 5-7th day after primary necrosequestrectomy. Good early anatomic results were achieved in 86% patients. All patients demonstrated the good functional results of the treatment; the wound healing was on-time. The lethality rate was 1.2%; all these patients had severe sepsis. The long-term follow up (1.5 years) revealed the complete substitution of the bone defect by the autobone; no cases of the osteomyelitis recurrence were observed.

Total hip replacement in Jehovah's Witnesses under spinal anesthesia without transfusion.

Ninety patients who were Jehovah's Witnesses underwent 107 total hip replacements without transfusion; all procedures were performed under spinal anesthesia. Of these 90, 87 had not previously undergone hip replacement surgery. They sustained an average intraoperative blood loss of 300 mL, which was a significant reduction compared with that in controlled groups of patients reported by other authors. Factors other than spinal anesthesia that aided in reducing blood loss were posterior surgical exposure of the hip without capsulectomy or removal of the greater trochanter, hemostasis without electrocauterization, and rapidly performed surgery. There were three operative complications and one death, none of which were related to spinal anesthesia.

The use of an integral tissue expander for primary breast reconstruction.

The authors emphasize the recent advances in breast reconstruction provided by use of the skin expander device. A Silastic percutaneous skin expander developed by the authors and the Dow Corning Corporation has been used by them in breast reconstruction for the past 7 years with satisfactory results. Important design differences in the device suggested by the authors include the use of a reinforced backing which consists of Dacron Silastic sheeting extending beyond the inflatable tear-drop-shaped envelope for approximately 3/8 of an inch, thus adding strength and rigidity to the envelope and the rim, and making it possible for the rim of the expander implant to be sutured in an appropriate orientation.

Fluorocarbons and the microcirculation.

A short discussion of oxygen transport and delivery by fluorocarbon containing blood substitutes is presented. Those physical properties of the preparations that would tend to cause improvement in oxygenation in areas of damaged or impeded microcirculation are also discussed. A number of studies carried out at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam have demonstrated certain important characteristics of fluorocarbons with respect to tissue oxygenation. In the first instance, it has been demonstrated that extracorporal perfusion with Fluosol-DA 20% can maintain oxygenation and viability of isolated extremities for periods of up to 48 hours. Secondly it has been shown that the preparation can indeed penetrate compromised capillary beds, its low viscosity enabling it to travel along collateral perfusion pathways and to provide oxygenation of areas of ischaemic hypoxia. The low particle of the emulsion may, in combination with the low viscosity of the product, contribute to the re-establishment of perfusion in areas of circulatory arrest. The clinical implications of the above findings are numerous and wide spread. The importance of Fluosol in maintaining and improving micro-circulatory oxygenation should not be underestimated.

The preoperative treatment of severely anemic patients with a perfluorochemical oxygen-transport fluid, Fluosol-DA.

We gave a perfluorochemical oxygen-transport fluid and plasma expander, Fluosol-DA, to seven severely anemic patients before surgery to determine its effectiveness in supplementing oxygen transport. The dose of Fluosol in the five patients completing the study was 20 ml per kilogram of body weight. When the patients breathed low levels of supplemental oxygen (mean partial pressure of arterial oxygen +/- S.D., 101 +/- 25 torr), the perfluorochemical carried a small amount of oxygen, but when they received pure oxygen (arterial oxygen pressure, 361 +/- 65 torr) it carried approximately 0.8 per cent of oxygen (by volume). This increase accounted for 7 +/- 3 per cent of the patients' arterial oxygen content and 24 +/- 7 per cent of their oxygen consumption. The cardiac index and left ventricular stroke-work index decreased, whereas the oxygen delivery increased, although these changes were not statistically significant. Significant changes included a 22 per cent increase in oxygen consumption, a 59 per cent increase in mixed venous oxygen tension, and an increase in mixed venous hemoglobin saturation to 90 +/- 6 per cent. We conclude that at ambient oxygen tensions fluosol acts primarily as a volume expander, whereas at higher tensions (greater than 300 torr) it contributes substantially to the oxygen-delivery system.

Hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of a perfluorochemical blood substitute, fluosol-DA (20%).

Cardiorespiratory measurements were made in a severely anemic patient (hemoglobin concentration of 3.5 g/dl) who was preoperatively given the perfluorochemical blood substitute (Fluosol-DA, 20%). Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were monitored, including arterial and mixed venous oxygen content (CaO2 and CVO2) before, during, and after infusion of 1000 ml of Fluosol as well as throughout the intraoperative period. Blood samples revealed a maximum of 2.7% of the perfluorochemical. The CaO2 increased 37% above the CaO2 calculated without Fluosol; i.e., 5.8 +/- 0.1 to 8.1 +/- 0.6 ml/dl, p < 0.01. The cardiac index (CI) decreased from 7.2 +/- 0.2 to 5.9 +/- 0.8 L/min . M2 and the left ventricular stroke work decreased from 67 +/- 6 to 58 +/- 13 g . M/M2, while the oxygen delivery increased, and the total body oxygen consumption (VO2) remained essentially unchanged.l Intraoperatively, 27% of the O2 delivery and 51% of the VO2 were transported by Fluosol. No adverse effects of the fluosol were noted.

Hydrogen sulfide production by Pseudomonas putrefaciens in shrimp experimentally packed in nitrogen.

Shrimp refrigerated in a nitrogen atmosphere develop off-odors not typical of normal spoilage. Investigations of this phenomenon showed that hydrogen sulfide developed in the headspace gas, and a large percentage of the microbial population present on the shrimp stored in nitrogen was capable of hydrogen sulfide production, in contrast to the flora on shrimp stored in air. The predominant hydrogen sulfide-producing organism, Pseudomonas putrefaciens, was present in low numbers on fresh shrimp but usually reached high numbers by day 8 of nitrogen storage. Further studies revealed that cysteine and cystine were the probable substrates in shrimp utilized by this organism for hydrogen sulfide production. When shrimp sterilized by irradiation were inoculated with P. putrefaciens and incubated in an atmosphere of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and the characteristic off-odors developed.