ABSTRACT
The mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding has not changed in the past quarter century in spite of the introduction of new modes of therapy and treatment. In this review we address the possible reasons for a lack of change in mortality and the implications raised for the use of new techniques. We review the factors that affect the mortality of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and the diagnostic accuracy of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Based on this information, we present guidelines for the therapy of the major causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These guidelines should be useful until new therapies have been assessed and become generally available.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/mortality , Age Factors , Blood Transfusion , Cimetidine/therapeutic use , Esophageal and Gastric Varices/mortality , Esophageal and Gastric Varices/therapy , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/therapy , Gastroscopy , Humans , Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/mortality , Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/therapy , Peptic Ulcer/therapy , Vasopressins/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The source of bleeding from the rectum is extremely difficult to specify in many patients with moderate to severe bleeding. Lesions may be located anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. On the basis of the available literature and reported clinical data, we conclude that moderate to severe rectal bleeding originates from the upper gut in up to 10% of patients, from the small bowel in up to 5%, and from the colon in the remaining 85%. Diverticulosis and vascular dysplasia account for 30-50% of colonic bleeding, and inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic colitis for another 5-15%. No diagnosis is made in 20-30% of patients with moderate to severe rectal bleeding. Patients with rectal bleeding can be classified as those whose bleeding stops spontaneously, those whose bleeding stops and then recurs, and those whose bleeding continues despite conventional treatment. Based on these classifications, we present an approach to the diagnosis and therapy of rectal bleeding.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Rectal Diseases/diagnosis , Colonic Diseases/complications , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/therapy , Humans , Intestinal Diseases/complications , Methods , Rectal Diseases/etiology , Rectal Diseases/therapy , RectumABSTRACT
A diagnostic and surveillance program using colonscopy in patients with colorectal cancer was established at North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The records of all patients who had preoperative or postoperative colonoscopic examination between 1976 and 1979 were reviewed. Fifty-five patients had colonscopic examination preoperatively. No additional disease was found in 39. In 15 patients, unsuspected additional disease was detected, and one patient had a suspected polyp ruled out by colonoscopic examination. One of these patients was found to have a synchronous primary cancer, not demonstrated by barium enema. Surgical treatment was modified in nine (16%) of these 55 patients by the preoperative colonoscopic findings. Sixty patients had colonoscopy six months to six years postoperatively. No additional disease was found in 47. Adenomatous polyps were found in eight. Two patients had recurrent cancer proved by colonoscopy, and three had a second primary cancer detected only by colonoscopy. Treatment was directly influenced by colonoscopy in eight (13.3%) of these 60 patients. These studies had a favorable cost/benefit ratio in patients with colorectal cancer and support a program of preoperative colonoscopy in patients with colorectal cancer and reexamination within two to three years after operation.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Rectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colonic Neoplasms/surgery , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Female , Fiber Optic Technology , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intestinal Polyps/diagnosis , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/diagnosis , Proctoscopy/economics , Rectal Neoplasms/surgeryABSTRACT
Forty-seven patients with cholestatic jaundice were evaluated for extrahepatic biliary obstruction by ultrasonic cholangiography and the results verified by contrast cholangiography, celiotomy, or autopsy. Sonograms were evaluated both with ("official" reading) and without ("blind" reading) clinical information. By showing dilated bile ducts, sonography correctly diagnosed extrahepatic obstruction in 26 of 30 patients on "official" reading and 23 of 30 on "blind" reading. In all 17 patients without extrahepatic obstruction, sonography revealed the absence of dilated bile ducts. Among patients with extrahepatic obstruction, those with larger bile ducts had higher bilirubin concentrations, longer duration of jaundice, and were more reliably detected by sonography. In these patients, 94% with total bilirubin concentration greater than 10 mg/dl were detected by sonography, while 47% with total bilirubin concentration less than 10 mg/dl were detected. Although we recognize the limited sensitivity of sonography in early extrahepatic obstruction, we find it to be a valuable screening test in cholestatic jaundice.
Subject(s)
Cholangiography , Cholestasis/diagnosis , Ultrasonography , Dilatation, Pathologic , Humans , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
A patient with post-traumatic seizure disorder developed lymphadenopathy, exfoliative dermatitis, and hepatic failure while on diphenylhydantoin therapy and died in hepatic coma. Autopsy disclosed massive hepatic necrosis. The clinical and pathological pictures are similar to the six previously reported cases of diphenylhydantoin-induced hepatic necrosis, with the exception of the time of onset of hepatic failure, which is explained. The cause of such hepatotoxicity is unknown, although hypersensitivity is postulated. It appears that studies of liver function in patients receiving diphenylhydantion are indicated to assess the true indicence of hepatocellular injury.
