ABSTRACT
The MYC oncogene is considered to be a high priority target for clinical intervention in cancer patients due to its aberrant activation in more than 50% of human cancers. Direct small molecule inhibition of MYC has traditionally been hampered by its intrinsically disordered nature and lack of both binding site and enzymatic activity. In recent years, however, a number of strategies for indirectly targeting MYC have emerged, guided by the advent of protein structural information and the growing set of computational tools that can be used to accelerate the hit to lead process in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we provide an overview of small molecules developed for clinical applications of these strategies, which include stabilization of the MYC guanine quadruplex, inhibition of BET factor BRD4, and disruption of the MYC:MAX heterodimer. The recent identification of novel targets for indirect MYC inhibition at the protein level is also discussed.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/antagonists & inhibitors , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Humans , Molecular Structure , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistryABSTRACT
TRPV1 was originally characterized as an integrator of various noxious stimuli such as capsaicin, heat, and protons. TRPV1-null mice exhibit a deficiency in sensing noxious heat stimuli, suggesting that TRPV1 is one of the main heat sensors on nociceptive primary afferent neurons and a candidate target for heat hypersensitivity in chronic pain. Several different potent and selective TRPV1 antagonists have been developed by more than 50 companies since the characterization of the receptor in 1997. A consequence of this competitive interest is the crowding of patentable chemical space, because very similar in vitro screening assays are used. To circumvent this issue and to expand our understanding of TRPV1 biology, we sought to take advantage of recent advancements in automated patch-clamp technology to design a novel screening cascade. This SAR-driving assay identified novel modulators that blocked the depolarization-induced activation of outwardly-rectifying TRPV1 currents independent of agonist stimulation, and we correlated the pharmacology to three other innovative assays for higher-throughput screening. Ultimately, we have identified a screening paradigm that would have good predictive value for future TRPV1 drug discovery projects and novel chemical space with a higher probability of gaining intellectual property coverage.
Subject(s)
Capsaicin/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , TRPV Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , CHO Cells , Cells, Cultured , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , HEK293 Cells , High-Throughput Screening Assays , Humans , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Mice , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Sensory System Agents/pharmacology , TRPV Cation Channels/agonistsABSTRACT
1. Human formyl peptide-receptor-like-1 (FPRL-1) is a promiscuous G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and belongs to a chemoattractant receptor family protein. This receptor has been reported to interact with various host-derived peptides and lipids involved in inflammatory responses. We described here, a novel role for FPRL-1 as a high-affinity beta-chemokine receptor for an N-terminally truncated form of the CKbeta8 (CCL23/MPIF-1) splice variant CKbeta8-1 (22-137 aa). 2. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA derived from human tissues and cells revealed a predominant expression of FPRL-1 in inflammatory cells, particularly in neutrophils. 3. Intracellular calcium mobilisation assay, used as screening tool, in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293s) cells coexpressing FPRL-1 and Galpha(16), demonstrated FPRL-1 is a functional high-affinity receptor for CKbeta8-1 (46-137 aa, sCKbeta8-1), with pEC(50) values of 9.13 and 8.85, respectively. 4. The FPRL-1 activation in CHO-K1 cells is mediated by Galpha(i)/Galpha(o) proteins, as assessed by pertussis toxin sensitivity and inhibition of forskolin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation. 5. Binding experiments were performed with a radio-iodinated synthetic peptide, [(125-)I]-WKYMVm, a known potent FPRL-1 agonist. CHO-K1 cell membranes expressing FPRL-1 bound [(125-)I]-WKYMVm with a K(d) value of 9.34. Many known FPRL-1 agonists were tested and sCKbeta8-1 was the most effective nonsynthetic ligand in displacing the radiolabelled agonist, with a pIC(50) of 7.97. 6. The functional significance of sCKbeta8-1 interaction with FPRL-1 was further demonstrated by the activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) calcium mobilisation and chemotaxis. These interactions were shown to be via FPRL-1 by specific blockade of PMNs activation in the presence of an FPRL-1 antibody.
Subject(s)
Chemokines, CC/chemistry , Chemokines, CC/pharmacology , Receptors, Formyl Peptide/drug effects , Receptors, Lipoxin/drug effects , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , CHO Cells , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Movement/drug effects , Chemokines, CC/metabolism , Chemotaxis/drug effects , Cricetinae , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Female , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/chemistry , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism , Gene Expression , Humans , Iodine Radioisotopes/metabolism , Kidney/cytology , Kidney/drug effects , Neutrophils/drug effects , Neutrophils/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics , Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics , Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Glucocorticoid receptor expression in primary hippocampal cell cultures was significantly increased with either 10 mM 8-bromo cAMP, 50 nM 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), a potent 5-HT7 receptor agonist, or 100 nM 5-HT. The effect of 5-HT or 5-CT was blocked with methiothepin or by a protein kinase A inhibitor, but not pindolol. These results suggest that the effects of 5-HT on hippocampal GR expression is mediated by a 5-HT7 receptor.
