ABSTRACT
In recent years, several small natural cyclopeptides and cyclodepsipeptides were reported to have antimycobacterial activity. Following this lead, a synthetic pathway was developed for a small series of 12-membered ring compounds with one amide and two ester bonds (cyclotridepsipeptides). Within the series, the ring system proved to be necessary for growth inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the low micromolar range. Open-chain precursors and analogues were inactive. The compounds modulated autophosphorylation of the mycobacterial protein kinase B (PknB). PknB inhibitors were active at µM concentration against mycobacteria while inducers were inactive. PknB regulates the activity of the mycobacterial reductase InhA, the target of isoniazid. The activity of the series against Mycobacterium bovis BCG InhA overexpressing strains was indistinguishable from that of the parental strain suggesting that they do not inhibit InhA. All substances were not cytotoxic (HeLaâ¯>â¯5⯵g/ml) and did not show any significant antiproliferative effect (HUVECâ¯>â¯5⯵g/ml; K-562â¯>â¯5⯵g/ml). Within the scope of this study, the molecular target of this new type of small cyclodepsipeptide was not identified, but the data suggest interaction with PknB or other kinases may partly cause the activity.
Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/chemical synthesis , Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Depsipeptides/chemistry , Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors , Antitubercular Agents/chemistry , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Depsipeptides/chemical synthesis , Depsipeptides/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects , Mycobacterium smegmatis/metabolism , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism , Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolismABSTRACT
Wollamide B is a cationic antimycobacterial cyclohexapeptide that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) (IC50 of 3.1 µM). Aiming to define its structural activity relationship (SAR), optimizing potency and pharmacokinetic properties, libraries of analogues were synthesized following a standard Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis approach. The antimycobacterial activities of wollamide B and all the synthesized analogues were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Parallely, in vitro drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (ADME) profiling was done for the synthesized compounds to evaluate their drug likeness. Among the 25 synthesized wollamides five of them showed potent activities with MICs ≤ 3.1 µM and found to be nontoxic against human HepG2 cells up to 100 µM. The results of the in vitro ADME profiling revealed the remarkable plasma stability and very good aqueous solubility of the class in general while the metabolic stability was found to be moderate to low. Of particular note, compounds 7c (MIC = 1.1 µM) and 13c (0.6 µM) that exhibited good balance of antimycobacterial activity vs. optimal pharmacokinetic properties could be used as a new lead for further development.
