Oral Administration of Efavirenz Dysregulates the Tph2 Gene in Brain Serotonergic Areas and Alters Weight and Mood in Mice.

Most HIV-antiretroviral drugs have adverse effects. Efavirenz (EFV) is an example of a drug with neuropsychiatric effects, such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts, in people living with HIV (PLWH). The mechanisms by which EFV causes neuropsychiatric alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood, although several studies in animals have reported changes in brain energy metabolism, alterations in monoamine turnover, GABA, and glutamate levels, and changes in 5-HT receptors. In this report, we studied the effects of EFV on the serotonergic system in healthy mice, specifically, whether EFV results in alterations in the levels of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) gene in the brain. EFV (10 mg/kg) and distilled water (1.5 µL/kg) (control group) were orally administered to the mice for 36 days. At the end of the treatment, Tph2 expression levels in mouse brains were measured, and mood was evaluated by three trials: the forced swim test, elevated plus maze, and open field test. Our results revealed dysregulation of Tph2 expression in the brainstem, amygdala, and hypothalamus in the EFV group, and 5-HT levels increased in the amygdala in the EFV group. In the behavioral tests, mice given EFV exhibited a passive avoidance response in the forced swim test and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, and they lost weight. Herein, for the first time, we showed that EFV triggered dysregulation of the Tph2 gene in the three serotonergic areas studied; and 5-HT levels increased in the amygdala using the ELISA method. However, further studies will be necessary to clarify the increase of 5-HT in the amygdala as well as understand the paradoxical decrease in body weight with the simultaneous increase in food consumption. It will also be necessary to measure 5-HT by other techniques different from ELISA, such as HPLC.

A herança escravista de longa duração na formação do mercado de trabalho no Brasil / The long-term slavery legacy in the formation of the labor market in Brazil

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a formação do mercado de trabalho e problematizar sua constituição, considerando o extenso período do escravismo brasileiro. O argumento preponderante é a existência do tráfico negreiro alimentador do processo de trabalho no escravismo colonial. A abordagem é embasada em livros e documentos que oferecem perspectivas de análise de longa duração para compreensão histórica da formação da força de trabalho no Brasil.

Abstract: This article aims at the formation of the labor market and problematize its accounting for the extensive period of the Brazilian study. The main argument is the existence of the slave trade that feeds the work process in colonial slavery. The approach is based on books and documents that support the long-term analysis for historical understanding of the formation of the workforce in Brazil.

El Valor Agregado de la Realidad Virtual en Tratamientos de Rehabilitación Muscular. Revisión de Literatura / The Added Value of Virtual Reality in Muscle Rehabilitation Treatments. A Literature Review / O Valor Agregado da Realidade Virtual nos Tratamentos de Reabilitação Muscular. Revisão de Literatura

Resumen La realidad virtual (RV) constituye una herramienta alternativa para la rehabilitación de distintas lesiones del cuerpo humano. Este artículo identifica los principales aportes de la RV en tratamientos de rehabilitación muscular reportados en la literatura. Según las investigaciones analizadas, se evidenció que, a diferencia de los tratamientos convencionales para la rehabilitación muscular, los realizados con RV incrementaron el nivel de motivación de los pacientes para culminar con éxito, gracias al ambiente interactivo que la RV ofrece. Así mismo, de acuerdo con los estudios revisados, los pacientes manifestaron disminución de dolor durante y después de las terapias.

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) is an alternative tool for the rehabilitation of various injuries of the human body. This paper identified the main contributions of RV in muscle rehabilitation treatments reported in the literature. According to the analyzed research, it was shown that, unlike conventional treatments for muscle rehabilitation, those performed with RV increased the level of motivation of patients to successfully complete them, thanks to the interactive environment that VR offers. Likewise, according to the reviewed studies, the patients manifested decreased pain during and after therapies.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, a realidade virtual (VR) se estabeleceu como uma ferramenta alternativa para a reabilitação das diferentes lesões que o corpo humano pode sofrer. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é identificar as principais contribuições evidenciadas em pesquisas anteriores sobre o assunto, que serviram de base para a formulação deste artigo. Para avaliação da literatura, foi realizada uma consulta preliminar nas principais bases de dados, a partir da qual foram obtidos resultados que permitiram dimensionar a contribuição do VD na recuperação de lesões musculares. De acordo com a amostra, ficou evidente que, diferentemente dos tratamentos convencionais para reabilitação muscular, aqueles realizados com o VD aumentavam o nível de motivação dos pacientes para concluir com sucesso o tratamento, portanto a adesão a todas as terapias era mais alto, isso graças ao ambiente interativo que o RV consegue oferecer. Por outro lado, de acordo com os estudos revisados, os pacientes manifestaram diminuição da dor durante e após a realização de diferentes terapias implementadas em cada investigação.

Escritura argumentativa y justicia educativa en contextos formativos del área de la salud / Argumentative writing and educational justice in educational contexts in the health area

RESUMEN El presente documento propone un modelo de producción crítica-argumentativa para la formación inicial del área de la salud, centrando el proceso de escritura en la participación de los estudiantes como autores y en la redistribución de roles durante el trayecto de producción. El objetivo es mostrar una aproximación a la escritura argumentativa desde cuatro principios propios del marco de la justicia educativa: deliberación, participación, representación autoral y redistribución de roles.

ABSTRACT This document proposes a critical-argumentative production model for initial training in the health area, focusing the writing process on the participation of students as authors and on the redistribution of roles during the production stage. The objective is to show an approach to argumentative writing from four principles of the framework of educational justice: deliberation, participation, author representation and role redistribution.

Direitos sociais, trabalho e crise social no Brasil / Social rights, work and social crisis in Brazil

O artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver abordagem sócio-histórica das principais ofensivas aos direitos dos trabalhadores brasileiros, no período de 2010 a 2016 e, simultaneamente, apresentar dados das principais greves e pautas da luta sindical. A crise social que atinge o Brasil agrava-se com a política de ajuste fiscal e ofensiva aos direitos sociais, principalmente pela redução de investimento do governo federal em políticas públicas e, por conseguinte, pela manutenção do pagamento de juros e amortização da dívida pública. Diante dessa situação, as articulações e atuações conjuntas entre o movimento social e sindical são extremamente necessárias para potencializar as lutas contra os ataques aos direitos sociais e a possibilidade de construção de genuínas alternativas para o conjunto da sociedade brasileira.

The article aims to develop socio-historical approach of the main offensive to the rights of the Brazilian workers and, simultaneously, to present of the main strikes and patterns of the union struggle. The social crisis that affects Brazil tends to be aggravated by the policy of fiscal adjustment and offensive to social rights, mainly by reducing the federal government's investment in public policies and, therefore, maintaining interest payments and public debt amortization. Faced with this situation, the articulations and joint actions between the social and labor movement are extremely necessary to strengthen the struggles against attacks on social rights and the possibility of building genuine alternatives for the whole of Brazilian society.

Evaluation of larvicidal activity and ecotoxicity of linalool, methyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate/linalool in combination against Aedes aegypti.

The frequent use of synthetic pesticides to control Aedes aegypti population can lead to environmental and/or human contamination and the emergence of resistant insects. Linalool and methyl cinnamate are presented as an alternative to the synthetic pesticides, since they can exhibit larvicidal, repellent and/or insecticidal activity and are considered safe for use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of methyl cinnamate, linalool and methyl cinnamate/linalool in combination (MC-L) (1:4 ratio, respectively) against Aedes aegypti. The in vitro preliminary toxicity through brine shrimp lethality assay and hemolytic activity, and the phytotoxic potential were also investigated to assess the safety of their use as larvicide. Methyl cinnamate showed significant larvicidal activity when compared to linalool (LC50 values of 35.4µg/mL and 275.2µg/mL, respectively) and to MC-L (LC50 138.0µg/mL). Larvae morphological changes subjected to the specified treatments were observed, as the flooding of tracheal system and midgut damage, hindering the larval development and survival. Preliminary in vitro toxicity through brine shrimp showed the high bioactivity of the substances (methyl cinnamate LC50 35.5µg/mL; linalool LC50 96.1µg/mL) and the mixture (MC-L LC50 57.7µg/mL). The results showed that, despite the higher larvicidal activity of methyl cinnamate, the use of MC-L as a larvicide seems to be more appropriate due to its significant larvicidal activity and low toxicity.

O endividamento da classe trabalhadora no Brasil e o capitalismo manipulatório / The Brazilian working class debt and the manipulative capitalism

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo abordar o endividamento dos trabalhadores no Brasil e a proposta da "educação financeira". Os números do endividamento são impactantes se comparados com as estatísticas do fim do século passado. O Relatório de Estabilidade Financeira (REF), publicação semestral do Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen), apresentou em 2014 o índice de endividamento das famílias em 45,5%, referente a dezembro de 2013. A "educação financeira" surge como ideologia estratégica do capital financeiro, com o objetivo de manipular o consumo e controlar os riscos de inadimplência.

Abstract The article aims at approaching the Brazilian workers´ debt and the proposal for "financial education". The numbers related to the debt are impacting if they are compared with the statistics from the last century. In 2014 the Financial Stability Report (Relatório de Estabilidade Financeira - REF), a biannual publication of Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen), presented a families´ debt rate of 45.5% in December, 2013. The "financial education" rises as a strategic ideology of the financial capitalism in order to manipulate consumption and to control the risks of default.

A ditadura civil-militar de 1964: os impactos de longa duração nos direitos trabalhistas e sociais no Brasil / 1964's civil-military dictatorship: the lasting effects on labor and social rights in Brazil

O artigo apresenta abordagem sócio-histórica dos impactos da ditadura civil-militar nos direitos trabalhistas e sociais no Brasil. O declínio dos direitos sociais e o avanço do poder político e econômico das classes dominantes serão analisados de acordo com o contexto histórico, no qual se localizam três períodos nos últimos quarenta anos. Pretendemos demonstrar que a flexibilização e a degradação das condições de trabalho e vida dos trabalhadores foram reforçadas após o golpe civil-militar de 1964 e se estende até a atualidade, sendo extremamente funcional às necessidades da acumulação capitalista.

The article presents a social-historical approach to the effects of the civil-military dictatorship on labor and social rights in Brazil. The decline of the social rights and the progress of the ruling classes' political and economic power will be analyzed according to the historical context, in which three periods can be found in the last 40 years. We intend to show that the easing and the degradation of the workers' labor conditions and lives were reinforced after the civil-military coup in 1964, and they extend to the present, for they are extremely functional to the necessities of the capitalist accumulation.

Neoadjuvant and conversion treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastasis: the potential role of bevacizumab and other antiangiogenic agents.

More than 50 % of patients with colorectal cancer develop liver metastases. Surgical resection is the only available treatment that improves survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). New antiangiogenic targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab, aflibercept, and regorafenib, in combination with neoadjuvant and conversion chemotherapy may lead to improved response rates in this population of patients and increase the proportion of patients eligible for surgical resection. The present review discusses the available data for antiangiogenic targeted agents in this setting. One of these therapies, bevacizumab, which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has demonstrated good results in this setting. In patients with initially unresectable CRLM, the combination of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) plus bevacizumab has led to high response and resection rates. This combination is also effective for patients with unresectable CRLM. Moreover, the addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting of liver metastasis has a higher impact on pathological response rate. This drug also has a manageable safety profile, and according to recent data, bevacizumab may protect against the sinusoidal dilation provoked in the liver by certain cytotoxic agents. In phase II trials, antiangiogenic therapy has demonstrated benefits in the presurgical treatment of CRLM and may represent a new treatment pathway for these patients.

Trabalho e ser social: reflexões sobre a ontologia lukacsiana e sua incidência no Projeto Ético-Político Profissional / Labor and the social being: reflections regarding the lukacsian ontology and its occurrence in the Professional Ethical-Political Project

Este artigo, originário das reflexões do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas "Trabalho e Questão Social na América Latina", do departamento de pós-graduação em Serviço Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), tem a intenção de apontar elementos para compreensão da profissão na atualidade, além de realizar uma análise sobre a categoria "trabalho" em Marx e Lukács e sua relação com o Serviço Social como profissão assalariada inserida na divisão social e técnica do trabalho, que contribui com o processo de (re)produção da lógica do capital. Determinada pela sociabilidade capitalista, é importante assinalar que o Serviço Social situa-se numa zona de colisão com os interesses do capital, pois pela sua natureza e as determinações do capital o elemento "contradição" se autodetermina. Sendo tributária dos interesses coletivos advindos da classe trabalhadora, a profissão busca, por meio de um projeto profissional vinculado a um projeto de classe, a adesão a valores coletivos que atendam às necessidades concretas emanadas da classe trabalhadora na direção da construção radical de uma nova sociabilidade.

This article, originating from the reflections of the "Labor and Social Issues in Latin America" Studies and Research Nucleus at the Social Services Graduate program at Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), intends to point out elements for understanding the profession as it is today, in addition to conducting an analysis of the labor category in Marx and Lukács and its relation to Social Services as salaried profession inserted in the social and technical division of labor, which contributes to the process of (re)producing the logic of capital. Determined by the capitalist sociability, it is important to note that Social Services are in a collision path with the interests of capital because, due to the nature and determinations of capital, the "contradiction" element is self-determining. The profession, which is complementary to the collective interests of the working class, seeks to use a professional project, connected to a class project, to adhere to collective values that meet the concrete needs which emanate from the working class towards a radical construction of a new sociability.

Gemcitabine/capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes.

PURPOSE: Gemcitabine and capecitabine are 2 anticancer drugs with a mechanism of action involving metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides. Both are among the few agents active in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) progressing after therapy with anthracyclines and taxanes. We have conducted a phase II trial of gemcitabine/capecitabine in patients with disease progression after treatment with anthracyclines and taxanes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Treatment included gemcitabine 2000 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks and capecitabine 2500 mg/m2 daily (divided into 2 doses) on days 1-14 every 3 weeks; treatment was administered until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity was documented. All patients received concomitant oral pyridoxine 300 mg twice daily to prevent hand-foot syndrome (HFS). Of 39 patients treated, 33 had received previous treatment with anthracyclines, 6 had medical contraindication to anthracyclines, 35 had previously received taxanes, and 23 had received vinorelbine. Fourteen patients had previous high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and 5 had previously received trastuzumab. Patients were 31-79 years of age (median, 55 years) and, altogether, were given 386 courses of therapy (range, 1-36 courses per patient; median, 6 courses). RESULTS: Grade 3/4 toxicities included HFS (11 courses, 6 patients), stomatitis (6 courses, 2 patients), diarrhea (5 courses, 4 patients), anemia (5 courses, 2 patients), thrombocytopenia (5 courses, 2 patients), and neutropenia (1 course, 1 patient). Response rate (all 39 patients were evaluable) was 48.7% (partial response, n = 19; stable disease, n = 7; progressive disease, n = 13). Thirty-six patients died because of disease progression, and 3 are alive with progressive disease. Median follow-up was 26 months or until death. Median duration of response was 15 months (range, 3-26 months). Median time to disease progression was 5 months (range, 1-26 months). Median overall survival duration was 10 months (range, 1-37 months). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients heavily pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes, the response rate to gemcitabine/capecitabine is encouraging, although response duration is limited.

Optimizacion en la recuperacion de hidrocarburos mediante simulacion de reservorios Campo Vibora

El presente trabajo comprende dos partes: La primera, esta dedicada al desarrollo teorico-conceptual de lo que es y significa una simulacion de reservorios desde el cap.1 hasta el cap.5, inclusive. La segunda, se refiere a la aplicacion practica de un simulador, para el estudio del comportamiento del reservorio petrolifero Sara del Campo Vibora controlado por YPFB, de manera que en base a los resultados pueda recomendarse alternativas de explotacion que permitan una recuperacion optima de hidrocarburos liquidos desde el punto de vista tecnico-economico. El Cap.I da una idea introductoria a la simulacion de reservorios y describe brevemente el origen del simulador numerico, los diferentes tipos de simuladores que existen, los datos que son necesarios para un estudio de simulacion y cuando y como son utilizados. El Cap.II trata de la formulacion teorica del desarrollo de las ecuaciones de flujo utilizadas por el simulador para controlar el desplazameinto de los fluidos en el reservorio. El Cap.III amplia los conceptos explicados en el cap.I sobre los datos necesarios para un estudio de simulacion. Define, en principio, las consideraciones teoricas para disenar la malla para la simulacion, luego, como es posible definir fallas que afecten al reservorio, y por ultimo, habla de conceptos para la seleccion apropiada de datos de roca, de fluidos y de los pozos. El Cap.IV da una idea de como los pozos son tratados dentro del simulador y como pueden y deben utilizarse las pseudo-funciones. El Cap.V ofrece para el ajuste del historial real de produccion con el historial simulado-calculado con el programa a partir de los datos recolectados de roca, de fluidos y de pozo. El Cap.VI describe la aplicacion practica de todo lo expuesto en los capitulos previos. Esta dividida en dos secciones, la primera es la recoleccion de toda la informacion pertinente al campo Vibora, y la segunda, es la simulacion en si. Los Cap. VII y VIII tratan de la evaluacion economica y de las conclusiones y recomendaciones, respectivamente.